Regarding the gut bio vs cns cause/effect question (chicken/egg), Investor and tradeherpete have been discussing.
I read the publication several times looking for which was the cause and which was the effect. This would be very important information! I agree the wording is vague, and certainly not clear to me which is the cause.
I think the writers intentionally did not specify this cause/effect because they did not know. Certainly in a science publication, like this, they would love to break that kind of news. But when one does not know the cause, just publish the data. That is what I think we have here.
To their credit they are studying some of the first data available and they do not have all answers and mechanisms understood yet.