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Replies to post #176146 on Anavex Life Sciences Corp (AVXL)
12/26/18 9:45 AM
The sigma-1 receptor is a 223 amino acids molecular chaperone with a single transmembrane domain. It is resident to eukaryotic mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes. By chaperone-mediated interactions with ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors and cell-signaling molecules, the sigma-1 receptor performs broad physiological and pharmacological functions. Despite sigma-1 receptors have been confirmed to regulate various types of ion channels, the relationship between the sigma-1 receptor and N-type Ca2+ channel is still unclear. Considering both sigma-1 receptors and N-type Ca2+ channels are involved in intracellular calcium homeostasis and neurotransmission, we undertake studies to explore the possible interaction between these two proteins. In the experiment, we confirmed the expression of the sigma-1 receptors and the N-type calcium channels in the cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in rat striatum by using single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (scRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. N-type Ca2+ currents recorded from ChIs in the brain slice of rat striatum was depressed when sigma-1 receptor agonists (SKF-10047 and Pre-084) were administrated. The inhibition was completely abolished by sigma-1 receptor antagonist (BD-1063). Co-expression of the sigma-1 receptors and the N-type calcium channels in Xenopus oocytes presented a decrease of N-type Ca2+ current amplitude with an increase of sigma-1 receptor expression. SKF-10047 could further depress N-type Ca2+ currents recorded from oocytes. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) demonstrated that sigma-1 receptors and N-type Ca2+ channels formed a protein complex when they were co-expressed in HEK-293T (Human Embryonic Kidney -293T) cells. Our results revealed that the sigma-1 receptors played a negative modulation on N-type Ca2+ channels. The mechanism for the inhibition of sigma-1 receptors on N-type Ca2+ channels probably involved a chaperone-mediated direct interaction and agonist-induced conformational changes in the receptor-channel complexes on the cell surface.
Sigma-1 receptors are widely spread in the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, and lungs, in the endocrine, immune and reproductive tissues [9]. This receptor is a transmembrane protein specifically located in ceramide- and cholesterol-rich lipid microdomains associated with the mitochondria of the ER membrane. It regulates the function of the inositol-3-phosphate receptor, stabilizing calcium signaling between the ER and the mitochondrion. It has been shown that the sigma-1 receptor forms ??2+-regulating trimeric complex with ankyrin-B and the inositol-3-phosphate receptor in NG-108 neuroblastoma cells [10].
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that sigma-1 receptor activation can regulate calcium homeostasis and signaling in RGCs, likely by directly influencing the activity of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Regulation of calcium influx in RGCs by sigma-1 receptor ligands may represent in part the neuroprotective effect of sigma-1 receptors.
What I described (regarding the BAG3 gene and its tau-clearing protein, and how Anavex 2-73 might facilitate its full function) touches upon the restoration of a neuron homeostasis. But, altogether, far more complex.
12/27/18 9:22 AM
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