Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses
Chart pg 5
then
For example, one study found that inclusion of the TLR4 ligand monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in reconstituted RSV membranes (virosomes) potentiated vaccine-induced immunity and skewed the immune responses toward a Th1 phenotype, without priming for ERD [88] as with alum adjuvanted RSV vaccines, suggesting a safer more effective vaccination strategy. Incorporation of Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 agonist, increased the capacity of virosomes to activate APCs in vitro and boosted serum IgG antibody responses and mucosal antibody responses after immunization and protected mice against infection with RSV, without priming for enhanced disease [89]. Studies have also shown that TLR9 activation can protect against vaccine-enhanced disease [90]. Vaccine formulations with the inclusion of TLR7/8 agonists, such as imiquimod, have historically been difficult to deliver due to their small molecular size; however, recently, the incorporation of these molecules into new delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, has garnered some success [91]. Together, these studies support the idea that proper TLR-activating adjuvants and APC targeting may significantly change the landscape for respiratory viral vaccination towards safer and more efficacious options.
88. Kamphuis, T.; Shafique, M.; Meijerhof, T.; Stegmann, T.; Wilschut, J.; de Haan, A. Efficacy and safety of an intranasal virosomal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A in mice and cotton rats. Vaccine 2013, 31, 2169–2176. [CrossRef]
Not that it's related but it is in the google resluts as below
Influenza virus vaccine intranasal - Mymetics, Phase I, Mymetics Corporation ... J. Lewis Research, Inc. - Jordan River Family Medicine, South Jordan, Utah, USA.
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