COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward
Review Article Published: 15 July 2020
For example, Medicago and iBio are using Nicotiana benthamiana to produce VLPs using the S protein, and AdaptVac/ExpreS2ion is using insect cell expression system to make VLPs from the S2 protein; clinical trials are expected as early as July 2020 (https://www.medicago.com/en/newsroom/; https://ir.ibioinc.com/press-releases; https://news.cision.com/expres2ion-biotechnologies). Besides generating protein nanoparticles from antigenic subunits, their expression and/or display on proteinaceous biomaterial scaffolds such as ferritin, encapsulin51 and bacteriophage VLPs has also been utilized to achieve multivalent antigen display for enhanced immunogenicity52,53,54.
Adaptvac and Expres2ion are both members of a European Commission-funded consortium that has already begun work on the VLP-based SARS-CoV2 vaccine, in collaboration with academic researchers from the Leiden University Medical Center, in the Netherlands, the Institute for Tropical Medicine at the University of Tübingen, Germany, the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at the University of Copenhagen, and the Laboratory of Virology at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
Peripherally Administered Nanoparticles Target Monocytic Myeloid Cells, Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Tumors in Mice
Toon Stegmann
Jeffrey A. Hubbell
Melody A. Swartz
This study was partly funded by Carigest SA. Toon Stegmann is employed by Mymetics BV. The EPFL has filed for patent protection on the nano particles described. There are no further patents products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ICK SH AdT TS
Funding: This study was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (to JAH and MAS), Carigest SA (to MAS), Oncosuisse (to MAS), and the European Research Council project NanoImmune (to JAH). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
All chemicals were reagent grade and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO) unless otherwise noted. Antibodies for flow cytometry were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA)
Furthermore, the particles are in liquid form and do not require refrigeration, making this vaccination methodology easily applicable in the developing world.