Review Recurrent Glioblastoma Treatment: State of the Art and Future Perspectives in the Precision Medicine Era Published online 2022 Aug 9.
Although a recent vaccine (DCVax-L) was obtained from a tumor lysate, DC vaccines are usually derived from ex vivo cells. Notwithstanding the promising results achieved in phase-I and -II clinical trials, with some patients exceeding 10 years of survival, consistent limitations are associated with the necessity to obtain tumor samples to customize the vaccine, thereby excluding patients with inoperable disease [87,119]. Notably, this technique may expose patients to autoimmune reactions, thus requiring further investigation [89]. Despite ongoing preclinical studies, speculation indicates that the DC vaccine followed by chemotherapy could substantially increase survival in patients with invasive gliomas
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