NorthWest Biotherapeutics Inc (NWBO)

[HyGro]

PFS was the primary endpoint that DCVax-L failed to meet. Company selected it, Dr. Liau reinforced it in her 2018 publication. It was suddenly an issue when they failed to meet the endpoint.

Statistics are considerably affected by bias and confounded -- they are not considered in a vacuum. Perhaps understanding what confound it would help:

What is confounding?
Confounding is often referred to as a “mixing of effects”1,2 wherein the effects of the exposure under study on a given outcome are mixed in with the effects of an additional factor (or set of factors) resulting in a distortion of the true relationship. In a clinical trial, this can happen when the distribution of a known prognostic factor differs between groups being compared.

Confounding factors may mask an actual association or, more commonly, falsely demonstrate an apparent association between the treatment and outcome when no real association between them exists.