Yes, the FDA has approved a drug based on a randomized, open-label, phase III trial. An example is this trial from 2010.
The Lancet, Oct 2, 2010 376:1147-54.
Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic
castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after
docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial
Johann Sebastian de Bono, Stephane Oudard, Mustafa Ozguroglu, Steinbjørn Hansen, Jean-Pascal Machiels, Ivo Kocak, Gwenaëlle Gravis,
Istvan Bodrogi, Mary J Mackenzie, Liji Shen, Martin Roessner, Sunil Gupta, A Oliver Sartor, for the TROPIC Investigators*
Summary
Background Cabazitaxel is a novel tubulin-binding taxane drug with antitumour activity in docetaxel-resistant
cancers. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of cabazitaxel plus prednisone with those of mitoxantrone
plus prednisone in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with progressive disease after
docetaxel-based treatment.