Just observation and back of the envelope calculation. The Europeans believe 3% is the max deficit allowed, if memory serves, but I would assume they added a little room for extreme situations. Mind you, budget surpluses are just as murderous, in the last 100 years, every period of budget surplus (two years and more than 1% of GDP, if memory serves) resulted in a major bear market within a year or two, including the bear that started in 2000. That of course is the mirror impact of deficit, deficit stimulate the economy while surpluses soak money from the economy eventually causing retrenchments. During 2000, I have mentioned this historical fact tme and gain to support my generl bearish stance at the time, but no one listened. At the time there was the belief that we may have a 160 B surplus in 2001, and my suggestion was send a check of $1000 to each of the roughly 160 MM tax payers, it took the government a little time, but they ended up doing about half that much (g). The ideal situation would be a balanced budget with minimal surpluses of no more than about .5% to 1% of GDP, IMHO. If it looks as if the surplus will go higher, Congress should have "stand by legislation" that triggers sending some of the money back to tax payers, once a year.
Zeev