1528 Apr 14, A Spanish expedition, led by Panfilo de Narvaez, arrived at the west coast of Florida with 400 soldiers and 42 horses. (ON, 10/03, p.1)
1528 Sep 28, A Spanish fleet sank in Florida hurricane; 380 died. (MC, 9/28/01)
1529 Apr 22, Spain and Portugal divided the eastern hemisphere in Treaty of Saragosa. (HN, 4/22/98)
1529 Jul 26, Francisco Pizarro was made governor for life and captain-general in New Spain. He returned to Peru in a fleet of three ships. Pizarro received a royal warrant in Toledo, Spain, to "discover and conquer" Peru. (TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(HN, 7/26/98)
1530 Feb 23, Spain's Carlos I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by Pope Clement VII in the last coronation of a German king by a Pope. Charles restored the Medici to power after capturing Florence and ceded Malta to the landless religious order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. (TL-MB, p.14)(MC, 2/24/02)(PC, 1992, p.176)
1531 Jan 26, Lisbon was hit by an earthquake and some about 30,000 died. (MC, 1/26/02)
1533 Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) was founded by Spain and served as a major port for the trade of slaves, gold and cargo. (SSFC, 5/18/03, p.C12)
1534 Apr 7, Josr de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit, missionary (Brazilian Tupi Indians), was born. (MC, 4/7/02)
1536 Feb 2, The Argentine city of Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza of Spain. (AP, 2/2/97)
1536 Jul 14, France and Portugal signed the naval treaty of Lyons aligning themselves against Spain. (HN, 7/14/98)
1536 Oct 14, Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet and diplomat, died in battle. (MC, 10/14/01)
1537 Aug, Castaway Don Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca returned from Mexico to Spain where he wrote an account of his 3,000 mile journey through North American and his experiences with the Indians. In 2006 Paul Schneider authored “Brutal Journey: The True Story of the First Crossing of North America.” Schneider used de Vaca’s original memoir as well as an official report prepared by survivors of the Narvaez expedition. (ON, 10/03, p.5)(SSFC, 6/11/06, p.M3)
1538 Jul 8, Diego de Almagro (63), Spanish conquistador (Chile and Peru), died. (MC, 7/8/02)
1539 May 30, Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto landed at Tampa Bay in Florida in search of gold. (TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(AP, 5/30/97)(HN, 5/30/98)
1539 Jun 3, Hernando De Soto claimed Florida for Spain. (HN, 6/3/98)
1540 Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish conquistador, was appointed governor of the province of Rio de la Plata. His advocacy of Indian rights caused him to be arrested and banished to a Spanish outpost in North Africa. (ON, 10/03, p.5)
1541 Feb 12, Santiago, Chile, was founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, a lieutenant of Pizarro. When the Spaniards arrived in Chile, 11 languages were in widespread use: Quechua, Aymara, Rapanui, Chango, Kunza, Diaguita, Mapudungun, Chono, Kawesqar, Yagan and Selk’nam. By 2007 only the 1st 3 remained. The last ethnic Selk’nam died in the 1970s. (PCh, 1992, p.182)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia)(SSFC, 8/12/07, p.A18)
1541 Apr 4, Ignatius Loyola, Spanish ecclesiastic, was elected 1st superior-general of the Jesuits. (TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(MC, 4/4/02)
1541 Jun 26, Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish Conqueror of Peru, was murdered by his former followers. (HN, 6/26/98)
1541 Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish conquistador, became the 1st European to see the Iguacu Falls in Brazil. He named the falls Saltos de Santa Maria but the Tupi-Guarani name persisted. (SFEC, 10/8/00, p.17)
1542 May 21, Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto died while searching for gold along the Mississippi River. His men buried his body in the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana in order that Indians would not learn of his death, and thus disprove de Soto's claims of divinity. (TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(AP, 5/21/97)(MC, 5/21/02)
1542 Jun 24, Juan de la Cruz, [de Yepes], Spanish Carmelite, poet, saint, was born. (MC, 6/24/02)
1542 Nov 22, New laws were passed in Spain giving protection against the enslavement of Indians in America. (HN, 11/22/98)
1542-1544 A 7-piece set of tapestries was created titled the "Seven Deadly Sins." They were later housed at the Palacio Real in Madrid. (WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
1543 Apr 14, Bartoleme Ferrelo returned to Spain after discovering a large bay in the New World (San Francisco). (HN, 4/14/99)
1533 Spaniards arrived at Zaci, the capital of the Cupul Maya, in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula and were pushed out. (SSFC, 6/29/08, p.E5)(http://tinyurl.com/4o62ox)
1545 Apr 13, Elisabeth van Valois, French queen of Spain, daughter of Henri II, was born. (MC, 4/13/02)
1545 Jul 8, Don Carlos, son of Spanish king Philip II (protagonist in Schiller's drama; hero in Verdi opera), was born. (MC, 7/8/02)
1546 A coalition of eastern Maya laid siege to Valladolid, in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. Spanish conquistadores brutally crushed a major Mayan rebellion in New Spain. (http://tinyurl.com/4o62ox)(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 Sep 29, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (d.1616) was born, at Alcala de Henares, near Madrid. "He was first a soldier and was captured by Barbary pirates in 1575. His family was unable to raise the ransom money until 1580. He was not initially successful as a writer until he wrote "The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha" (1604). (V.D.-H.K.p.150)(HN, 9/29/02)
1547 Hernando Cortes, the conquistador who subdued Aztec king Montezuma and stole his wife, died in Spain. His remains were brought to Mexico in 1836. (WSJ, 12/14/00, p.A8)
1549 Cosimo I di’Medici married Eleonora of Toledo to gain a link to the Spanish ruling class that controlled Florence. (MT, Spring 02, p.23)
1551 Mar 9, Emperor Charles V appointed his son Philip as heir to the throne. Don Philip was recognized as the sole heir of Charles V. (TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 3/9/02)
1551 May 12, San Marcos University opened in Lima, Peru. The Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos was founded under Spanish royal charter. (TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 5/12/02)(AM, 7/01, p.18)
1554 Jul 24, Queen Mary of England married Philip II, king of Spain and the Catholic son of Emp. Charles V. (TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(ON, 5/00, p.5)(MC, 7/24/02)
1554 Dragut, leader of the Mediterranean pirates, recaptured Mehedia, Tunisia, from the Spaniards. (TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1555 Sep 8, Thomas Villanova, Spanish saint and archbishop of Valencia, died. (MC, 9/8/01)
1555 Oct 21, English parliament refused to recognize Philip of Spain as king. (MC, 10/21/01)
1556 Feb 5, Henry II of France and Philip of Spain signed the truce of Vaucelles. (HN, 2/5/99)
1556 Mar 28, Philip II, Charles V's son, was crowned king of Spain. [see Sep 12] (MC, 3/28/02)
1556 Sep 12, Emperor Charles resigned and his brother Ferdinand of Austria took over. Charles V resigned and ended his days in a Spanish monastery. He bequeathed Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I. A few years of peace in Europe followed. The event formed the basis for a later historical play by Friedrich Schiller, which was in turn used by Verdi for his opera "Don Carlos." (TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(WSJ, 3/21/96, p.A-12)(MC, 9/12/01)
1556 Sep 13, Charles V and Maria of Hungary marched into Spain. (MC, 9/13/01)
1556 Philip II of Spain made the Duke of Alba his chief military and political advisor. (WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1557 Aug 10, Spanish and English troops in alliance defeated the French at the Battle of St. Quentin (San Quintino). French troops were defeated by Emanuele Filiberto's Spanish army at St. Quentin, France. In 1559 Filiberto made Turin capital of his Savoy state. (HN, 8/10/98)(www.niaf.org/news/news_italy/news_italy_mar2003.asp)
1557 The world’s first sovereign bankruptcy took place following the indulgence of Genoese lenders for Spain’s Philip II expensive taste for warfare. (Econ, 9/23/06, p.11)
1557 The influx of New World silver caused bankruptcies in France and Spain. (TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 The Spanish enslaved local Indians around Guanajuato, Mexico, to work a silver mine. A major vein was struck in 1768. (SSFC, 5/4/03, p.D7)
1558 Jul 13, Led by the court of Egmont, the Spanish army defeated the French at Gravelines, France. (HN, 7/13/98)
1558 Sep 21, Charles V (b.1500), King of Spain (Carlos I), former Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556), died. In 2006 lab tests showed that Charles suffered from gout. (TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(http://tinyurl.com/kq9sq)
1559 Apr 3, Philip II of Spain and Henry II of France signed the peace of Cateau-Cambresis, ending a long series of wars between the Hapsburg and Valois dynasties. (HN, 4/3/99)
1559 Aug 14, Spanish explorer de Luna entered Pensacola Bay, Florida. (HN, 8/14/98)
1559 Aug 22, Spanish archbishop Bartholome de Carranza was arrested as a heretic. (MC, 8/22/02)
1559 Sep 19, 5 Spanish ships sank in a storm off Tampa. About 600 died. (MC, 9/19/01)
1559 The Escorial, an enormous palace built on a grid plan for Philip II, was begun in Madrid. (TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 1,500 Spanish settlers sailed from Vera Cruz to found a settlement on Pensacola Bay in Florida, but were repulsed by hostile Indians. A Spanish settlement was founded in the area of Pensacola, Fl., but its exact location is a mystery. (TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(AP, 3/24/06)
1560 Jan 31, Spanish king Philip II married Elisabeth de Valois. (MC, 1/31/02)
1560 Cardinal Mendoza, archbishop of Burgos, wrote "Tizon de la nobleza de Espana," (the Blot on the Spanish Nobility). He claimed that virtually the entire aristocracy had Jewish or Moorish blood to point out the folly of the Inquisition’s campaign to prevent anyone with Jewish blood from securing a position of authority under the crown. (WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A20)
1561 Sep 23, Philip II of Spain gave orders to halt colonizing efforts in Florida. The French took advantage of the opportunity. (TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(HN, 9/23/98)
1561 Philip II moved his court to Madrid, which was but a village until this time, and proclaimed Madrid as capital of Spain. (TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.T11)
1562 Nov 25, Lope Felix de Vega, dramatist and poet (Angelica, Arcadia), was born in Madrid, Spain. (MC, 11/25/01)
1562 Titian painted the "Rape of Europa" for Philip II of Spain. It is the most celebrated of his erotic mythologies. (TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 Aug 18, Spanish king Philip II joined the Council of Trent. (MC, 8/18/02)
1565 Aug 28, A Spanish expedition under Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived at an inlet on the Florida coast on the feast day of St. Augustine and gave the theologian’s name to the encampment. (WSJ, 7/18/08, p.W8)
1564 Sep 4, A 10-ship Spanish fleet under Pedro Menendez de Aviles made landfall in Florida. Menendez was under orders from Phillip II to oust the French. (Arch, 1/05, p.47)
1565 Sep 8, A Spanish expedition under Pedro Menendez de Aviles established the first permanent European colony in the present day St. Augustine, Fla. Aviles founded St. Augustine on the site of the Timucuan Indian village of Seloy, 42 years before the English settled at Jamestown and 55 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest permanent European settlement in the US. Castillo de San Marco fortress was built by the Spanish to defend St. Augustine. (AP, 9/8/97)(NG, March 1990, p.117)(WSJ, 8/3/95, p.A-8)(WSJ, 5/21/98, p.A1)
1565 Sep 20, A Spanish fleet under Pedro Menendez de Aviles wiped out the French at Fort Caroline, in Florida. Spanish forces under Pedro Menendez massacred a band of French Huguenots that posed a potential threat to Spanish hegemony in the area. They also took advantage of the local Timucuan Indian tribe. Artist Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues managed to escape and return to France, where he painted watercolors depicting the local botany. His alleged paintings of Indians living nearby were later thrown into question. (WSJ, 8/3/95, p.A-8)(HN, 9/20/98)(Arch, 1/05, p.47)(WSJ, 7/18/08, p.W8)(Arch, 5/05, p.31)
1565 Philip II of Spain sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and 1,000 mercenaries from Mexico to wrest the Philippines from Muslim sultans, who had ruled since the 12th century. (SFC, 7/7/03, p.A6)
1566 Dec 1, Spanish king Philip II named Fernando Alvarez, duke of Alba. (MC, 12/1/01)
1566 Bartolome de Las Casas (b.1474), “Apostle to the Indians,” died in Madrid, Spain. (http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)
1567 Oct 6, The Duke of Alba became guardian of the Netherlands. Spain’s Duke of Alba arrived in Brussels at the head of a 10,000 troops to quell the iconoclastic riots. (MC, 10/6/01)(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1568 May 3, French forces in Florida slaughter hundreds of Spanish. On a sultry summer day in 1742, a handful of British and Spanish colonial troops faced each other on a Georgia coastal island and decided the fate of a colony. (HN, 5/3/98)
1568 Jul 23, Don Carlos (c23), son of Spanish king Philip II, died. (MC, 7/23/02)
1569 Feb 7, King Philip II ordered the inquisition in South America. (MC, 2/7/02)
1569 May 10, Juan Avila, Spanish minister, writer, died. (MC, 5/10/02)
1570 Mar 4, Spain’s King Philip II banned foreign Dutch students. (SC, 3/4/02)
1570 Apr 24, Spanish troops battled followers of Sultan Suleiman. (MC, 4/24/02)
1571 Mar 19, Spanish troops occupied Manila. [see May 19] (MC, 3/19/02)
1571 May 19, Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi founded the city of Manila in the Philippines and encountered Chinese settlements. [see Mar 19] (DTnet, 5/19/97)(WSJ, 12/26/02, p.A1)
1571 May 20, Venice, Spain & Pope Pius formed an anti-Turkish Saint League. (MC, 5/20/02)
1571 Oct 7, Spanish, Genoese and Venetian ships of the Christian League defeated an Ottoman fleet in the naval Battle of Lepanto, Greece. In the last great clash of galleys, the Ottoman navy lost 117 ships to a Christian naval coalition under the overall command of Spain's Don Juan de Austria. (AP, 10/7/07)(www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/1760264/posts)
1572 Oct 5, The Spanish army under Duke of Alva's son Don Frederik plundered Mechelen (Flanders). (MC, 10/5/01)
1572 Dec, The Dutch town of Naarden surrendered to Imperial Spanish troops under the Duke of Alba (1507-1582). The town was then burned and the entire population massacred. Alba’s attempt to impose a 10% sales tax on commodities stirred resistance that led to the Dutch independence. In 2004 Henry Kamen authored ”The Duke of Alba.” (WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1572 Dutch warships, Beggars of the Sea, effectively harried Spanish shipping in the English Channel and fueled the Dutch War of Independence. (TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 The Dutch used carrier pigeons during the Spanish siege of Haarlem. (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1572 Fray Luis de Leon, Spanish scholar and poet at Salamanca, was denounced as a heretic and served 5 years in prison. (SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1574 Spanish forces in the Netherlands besieged Leyden, but William the Silent breached the dykes to flood the land. This allowed his ships to sail up to the walls and lift the siege. (TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 Turkish troops captured Tunis from the Spaniards. (TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 May 29, Spanish army under Mondragón conquered the Zierik sea. (SC, 5/29/02)
1577 Painter El Greco (36), born in Crete as Domenikos Theotokopoulos, went to Spain and settled there permanently in Toledo. (TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)
1577 Fray Luis de Leon, Spanish scholar and poet at Salamanca, was released from prison after serving 5 years for heresy. He greeted his students with the words: "As I was saying, yesterday..." (SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1578 Mar 31, Juan de Escobedo, secretary of Spanish land guardian Don Juan, was murdered. (MC, 3/31/02)
1578 Apr 14, Philip III, king of Spain and Portugal (1598-1621), was born. (HN, 4/14/98)
1579 Mar 1, Sir Francis Drake waylaid a Spanish treasure galleon, the Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion, off the coast of Panama. (ON, 7/03, p.7)
1579 Jul 29, Spain's King Philip II arrested plotters Antonio Perez and Princess of Eboli. (MC, 7/29/02)
1579 The Peace of Arras ensured that the southern provinces of The Netherlands were reconciled to Philip II. [out of order, see 1580] (TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1580 Mar 15, Spanish king Philip II put 25,000 gold coins on head of Prince William of Orange. (MC, 3/15/02)
1580 Aug 25, Spain defeated Portugal in the Battle of Alcantara. (chblue.com, 8/25/01)
1580 Nov 9, Spanish troops landed in Ireland. (MC, 11/9/01)
1580 The Duke of Alba invaded Portugal and put it under Spain’s rule. Spain’s Philip II was proclaimed King Philip I of Portugal and united the colonial empires of Spain and Portugal. (TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(PCh, 1992, p.200)
1580-1640 The Azores was occupied by Spain and bullfighting was introduced. (SFEC, 5/24/98, p.A10)
1581 The Portuguese Cortes (national assembly) submitted to Philip II of Spain. (TL-MB, p.23)
1581 Bernal Diaz del Castillo (b.1492/93), Spanish conquistador and governor of Santiago de los Caballeros (Antigua, Guatemala), died. He wrote “Verdadera Historia de la Conquista de Nueva España” (True History of the Conquest of New Spain) in response to claims made in the earlier work by Cortes’ chaplain. It was not published until his manuscript was found in Madrid in 1632. (SSFC, 5/21/06, p.M3)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo)
1582 Oct 4, Theresa of Avila (b.1515), Spanish mystic writer and saint, died. She co-founded with John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order of Discalced (barefoot) Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich, will bring forth thistles and thorns; so also the mind of man." (CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(MC, 10/4/01)
1582 Oct 15, The Gregorian (or New World) calendar was adopted in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal; and the preceding ten days were lost to history. This day followed Oct 4 to bring the calendar into sync. by order of the Council of Trent. Oct 5-14 were dropped. (K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J. Boslough)(HN, 10/15/98)
1582 In Spain Fernando Alvarez de Toledo (b.1507), military and political advisor to Philip II, died. In 2004 Henry Kamen authored ”The Duke of Alba.” (WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1583 Nov, Francis Throckmorton, who was born in 1554, was arrested. He made a full confession of the Throckmorton Plot for the overthrow of Queen Elizabeth I and the restoration of papal authority in England after being tortured on the rack. He was tried and then executed on July 20, 1584. Throckmorton was the central figure in the conspiracy involving France and Spain, which called for a French invasion of England and the release from prison of Mary, Queen of Scots. (HNQ, 10/8/98)
1584 Jul 10, William of Orange (1533-1584), Prince of Orange (1544-1584), Count of Nassau (1559-1584), and first stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, was assassinated by Burgundian Balthasar Gerard (25) with a handgun. Philip II of Spain had called for a volunteer assassin due to William’s reluctance take a public stand on religious issues. William was succeeded by his 17-year-old son, Maurice of Nassau. In 2006 Lisa Jardine authored “The Awful End of Prince William the Silent.” (TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(WSJ, 4/5/06, p.D8)
1584 The San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid, begun in 1563, was completed. It was consecrated in 1586 (www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia)
1585 Luca Cambiaso (b.1527), Genovese Renaissance painter, died in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain, where he was working under commission for King Phillip II. (www.artnet.com/artist/3516/luca-cambiaso.html)
1586 El Greco began to paint "The Burial of Count Orgaz." This depicted the miracle of the saintly count’s funeral, where St. Augustine and St. Stephen personally descend from heaven to bury the corpse with their own hands. (TL-MB, p.24)(WSJ, 11/6/03, p.D10)
1587 Apr 19, Sir Frances Drake sailed into Cadiz, Spain, and sank the Spanish fleet. (MC, 4/19/02)
1587 Sir Edward Stafford, English ambassador in Paris, contacted the Spanish ambassador and offered to provide news of Queen Elizabeth’s plans and to offer the English disinformation concerning Spanish plans. Stafford’s brother-in-law was Lord Howard Effingham, commander in chief of the English fleet. (WSJ, 11/24/98, p.A20)
1588 Feb, King Philip II (61) appointed Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el Bueno (37), the Duke of Medina Sedonia, as Captain General of the High Seas and ordered him to take charge of the Spanish Armada. Philip intended to restore England to Catholicism (ON, 3/02, p.1)
1588 May 11, The Spanish Armada of 130 ships with 30,000 men left Lisbon for England. [see May 19] (ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 May 19, The Spanish Armada set sail to Lisbon bound for England; it was soundly defeated by the English fleet the following August. [see May 11] (AP, 5/19/97)(DTnet, 5/19/97)
1588 May 30, Spanish Armada under Medina-Sidonia departed Lisbon to invade England. (MC, 5/30/02)
1588 Jul 20-22, The Spanish Armada, after month in Corunna, set sail for England. The Duke of Medina Sedonia sailed in the flagship San Martin with Admiral Juan Martinez de Recalde. (HN, 7/20/01)(ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 Jul 27, The Spanish anchored off Calais in a crescent-shaped, tightly-packed defensive formation, not far from Parma's army of 16,000, which was waiting at Dunkirk. (http://wapedia.mobi/en/Spanish_Armada#1.1.)
1588 Jul 29, At midnight of July 28th the English set eight fireships (filled with pitch, gunpowder, and tar) alight and sent them downwind among the closely-anchored Spanish vessels. The English attacked the Spanish Armada in the Battle of Gravelines, resulting in an English victory. (ON, 3/02, p.3)(http://wapedia.mobi/en/Spanish_Armada#1.1.)(AP, 7/29/08)
1588 Jul 30, The English exchanged fire with the Spanish Armada. (ON, 3/02, p.3)
1588 Aug 1, Sir Francis Drake captured the Nuestra Senora del Rosario, one of the largest Spanish Armada galleons. (ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 2, The English and Spanish fleets exchanged fire all day. The English used up all their ammunition and sailed into nearby ports. (ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 4, The English and Spanish fleets exchanged fire all day off the Isle of Wight. (ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 6, The Spanish Armada anchored of Calais. (ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 8, The English Navy destroyed the Spanish Armada. 600 Spaniards were killed in the day’s fighting and 800 badly injured. The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the "invincible" Spanish Armada from Lisbon against England. It was shattered around the coasts of the English Isles by an English fleet under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham with the help of Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and a violent storm (see Aug 18). The victory opened the world for English trade and colonization. In 1959 Garrett Mattingly authored “The Armada.” In 1998 Geoffrey Parker published "The Grand Strategy of Phillip II." In 2005 Neil Janson authored “The Confident Hope of a Miracle: The True Story of the Spanish Armada,” and James McDermott authored “England & the Spanish Armada: The necessary Quarrel.” (ON, 3/02, p.5)(SSFC, 2/20/05, p.B2)(Econ, 5/28/05, p.85)
1588 Aug 10, The remnants of the Spanish Armada sailed north to avoid the English fleet. (ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Aug 18, A storm struck the remaining 60 ships of the Spanish Armada under the Duke of Medina Sidonia after which only 11 were left. Many of the ships went to Ireland where most of the Spaniards were killed by the English. 600 Spaniards wrecked in Scotland were later returned to Spain. In 1978 Niall Fallon authored "The Armada in Ireland." (ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 21, Medina Sidonia's Spanish Armada flagship, the San Martin, arrived at Santander, Spain. Almost half of the 130 ships were lost. 20k of 30k men died. 1,500 died in battle, the rest from shipwreck, massacre, starvation or disease. In 1981 David Howarth authored "The Voyage of the Armada." In 1988 Peter Kemp authored "The Campaign of the Spanish Armada." (ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 25, A heavy storm drove 3 Spanish ships onto the coast of Ireland. Francisco de Cuellar, an officer on the galleon Lavia, spent the next 6 months evading English forces and getting to Scotland and then the Netherlands. (ON, 5/02, p.12)
1588 Oct 23, Medina Sidonia's Spanish Armada returned to Santander. [see Sep 21] (MC, 10/23/01)
1589 Oct 4, Francisco de Cuellar, a Spanish Armada officer from the wrecked galleon Lavia, wrote a letter from Antwerp to King Philip that was later valued for its descriptions of Ireland. (ON, 5/02, p.12)
1590 Fray Jose de Acosta, Spanish Jesuit priest, authored “Historia Natural y Moral de las Indies.” In it he suggested that the Americas were populated by people from Asia. (Arch, 9/00, p.72)
1591 Dec 14, San Juan de la Cruz (b.1542), Spanish poet, died. He is remembered for his treatise “Dark Night of the Soul.” (SSFC, 9/3/06, p.M3)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/08480a.htm)
1591 Philip II bought the Hieronymus Bosch painting "the Garden of Earthly Delights." It hung in the Escorial from this time to 1939 when it was moved to the Prado. (WSJ, 8/25/98, p.A12)
1591 The encierro (running of the bulls) at Pamplona, Spain, began as a means of moving the bulls to the bull fighting arena. It became known as Los San Fermines. [see 1521] (SSFC, 6/16/02, p.C6)(SSFC, 7/7/02, p.A2)
1592 Juan de Fuca, a Greek sailing for Spain, sailed into a strait that later became the border between Canada’s Vancouver Island, BC, and the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state. The waterway was later named the Strait of Juan de Fuca. (NG, 7/04, p.66)
1594 Jun 7, Roderigo Lopez was executed at Tyburn, England, on charges of spying for the king of Spain. (WSJ, 9/24/04, p.W7)
1595 Jun 5, Henry IV’s army defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Fontaine-Francaise. (HN, 6/5/98)
1596 Jul 1, An English fleet under the Earl of Essex, Lord Howard of Effingham and Francis Vere captured and sacked Cadiz, Spain. (HN, 7/1/98)
1596 Oct 25, The Spanish fleet sailed from Lisbon to Ireland. (MC, 10/25/01)
1597 Jun 9, Jose de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit, missionary, died. (MC, 6/9/02)
1597 El Greco (1541-1614), Spanish artist, completed his visionary “View of Toledo” about this time. (WSJ, 6/28/08, p.W12)
1598 Sep 1, Spanish king Philip II ("Scourge of Heretics") received his last rites sacrament. [see Sep 13] (MC, 9/1/02)
1598 Sep 13, Philip II (71), King of Spain (1556-98), died. He had ordered the 1588 Spanish Armada attack on England. After its failure he dispatched 3 smaller armadas, but they all failed. (MC, 9/13/01)(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1598 Oct 15, Spanish general strategist Bernardino de Mendoza occupied Fort Rhine. (MC, 10/15/01)
1599 Jun 6, Velazquez (d.1660), Diego Rodriguez de Silva, Spanish painter of Portuguese ancestry, was born. He painted "Count Duke of Olivares" and "Rokeby Venus" (1647-51) The Venus is at the London National Gallery. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez)(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T8)(WSJ, 1/5/07, p.W12)
1600-1681 Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish baroque master dramatist. His work included: "Life Is a Dream." "Cuando amor no es locura, no es amor." (When love is not madness, it is not love). (WSJ, 10/20/95, p. A-12)(WSJ, 4/5/96, p.A-6)(AP, 10/30/98)
1601 Mar 19, Alonzo Cano, Spanish painter, sculptor (Cathedral Granada), was born. (MC, 3/19/02)
1601-1658 Baltasar Gracian, Spanish philosopher: "You should avoid making yourself too clear even in your explanations." (AP, 8/13/00)
1602 Jan 2, Battle at Kinsale, Ireland: English army beat the Spanish. (MC, 1/2/02)
1602 Apr 2, Maria de Jesus de Agreda (Maria Coronel), Spanish Franciscan, was born. (MC, 4/2/02)
1604 Sep 20, After a two-year siege, the Spanish retook Ostend [NW Belgium], the Netherlands, from the Dutch. (WUD, 1994, p.1019)(HN, 9/20/98)
1604 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616) published the first part of "The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha." Don Quixote and his friend Sancho Panza seek what a modern poet has called an impossible dream, a dream of justice in an earthly paradise, a contradiction in terms, as practical men have always known... Cervantes was the first to see that the new world coming into being needed such heroes; otherwise it would go mad." In 2006 Manuel Duran and Fay R. Rogg authored “Fighting Windmills.” (V.D.-H.K.p.150)(HN, 9/29/02)(WSJ, 6/10/06, p.P8)
1605 Apr 8, Philip IV king of Spain and Portugal (1621-65) ), was born. (HN, 4/8/98)
1608 Shogun Ieyasu ordered Will Adams to go to the Philippines to invite the Spanish Gov. Don Diego Vevero y Velasco to compete with the Portuguese for trade with Japan. (ON, 11/02, p.10)
1609 Spanish ships began visiting Japan and Spanish Dominicans began missionary work. (ON, 11/02, p.10)
1609 Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el Bueno, the Duke of Medina Sedonia and head of the failed Spanish Armada, died. (ON, 3/02, p.6)
1611-1670 Antonio de Pareda, Spanish allegorist painter. His work included "El Sueño del Caballero" (The Gentleman’s Dream). (WSJ, 1/09/00, p.A20)
1614 Apr 7, El Greco (b.1541), Cretan born Spanish painter (View of Toledo), died in Toledo. His paintings included "The Resurrection" (1597). (WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)(MC, 4/7/02)
1616 Feb 26, Spanish Inquisition delivered an injunction to Galileo. (SC, 2/26/02)
1616 Apr 23, Miguel de Cervantes (b.1547), Spanish poet and novelist, died in Madrid. (AP, 4/23/97)
1620 The Plaza Mayor, a grand, arcaded square in Madrid, dates to this time. (SFEC, 5/31/98, p.T9)
1622 Sep 6, A Spanish silver fleet disappeared off Florida Keys; thousands died. The Santa Margarita, discovered off of Key West in 1980 by pioneering shipwreck salvor Mel Fisher, was bound for Spain when it sank in a hurricane in 1622. (MC, 9/6/01)(AP, 6/18/07)
I believe our boat was made just before the turn of the century a big one. I heard lots of cannons and potenially bigger than the Mel Fishers boat. Fingers crossed.
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