Yes Chev those dollar amounts were all for different anode projects (cathodic protection) some were for piers, some are for off shore. But the point is cathodic protection is very big business. I see the Minerals Management Service, part of the U.S. Dept. of the Interior is interested in corroded pipelines in the Gulf and in the Arctic. http://www.mms.gov/tarprojectcategories/pipeline.htm
I am having trouble with that site tonight.
General There are in excess of 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of crude oil and gas marine pipelines in U.S. and state waters. While such pipelines are generally recognized as the safest, efficient, and cost effective means of transportation for offshore oil and gas from fixed production facilities, still failures occur because of 1) material and equipment problems, 2) operational errors, 3) corrosion, 4) storm/mud slides, and 5) third party incidents (mechanical damage). These, in turn, can result in loss of life, pollution, loss of product availability, repair expenses, business interruption, and litigation. Several publications (1-4) and a data base (5) have documented and evaluated the occurrence and causes of offshore pipeline failures that have taken place historically in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere. Each of these indicates that the major cause has been corrosion, with MMS data attributing over 50 percent of the failures to this mode. Of these, approximately 63 percent have occurred on pipelines as opposed to risers; and 69 percent resulted from external, as opposed to internal, corrosion. At the same time, however, only 12 percent of the external corrosion failures were on pipelines, with 88 percent being on risers. On the one hand, this indicates the susceptibility that prevails in the vicinity of the water surface, where corrosion rate is generally greatest. On the other, such failures are normally detected prior to substantial product discharge and are relatively inexpensive to repair. However, such data probably understates the role of corrosion, since instances where a pipeline has been weakened by corrosion but failed from an alternative cause (storm or third party damage, for example) are invariably attributed to the latter and not the former. Additional concerns with regard to pipeline corrosion failures are that, first, the average failure rate during the 1990’s was more than double that of the 1980’s; second, the increased focus in the Gulf of Mexico upon deep water production indicates that failures, where they occur, will be more difficult and expensive to address; and, third, the cathodic protection system design life for many older pipelines has now been exceeded such that external corrosion may be ongoing and cathodic protection retrofitting required. At the same time, no standardized procedure presently exists for design of retrofit cathodic protection systems for marine pipelines. Increased attention has, however, been directed in recent years toward this specific problem; that is, external corrosion of marine oil and gas pipelines, as evidenced by the fact that a 1991 International Workshop on Offshore Pipeline Safety (6) included only one paper that explicitly addressed corrosion and corrosion control; but a more recent MMS International Workshop (7) focused specifically upon this topic.
Chev, I think you may have intially lost a few of us with your spelling. It's anode, not andone. I first thought to myself, "What the heck are andones?? Anyway, it looks like we're all on the same page now.
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