It could be a combination of all of that, but who's knows for sure if there wasn't a bunch of MM's who were naked short from their machines manipulation of controlling the low level prices, for the past few months, and blown up on today's pump scheme.
LOL, sure, and fairy pixel dust blew up the share volume again for round 2 at the prefect time learn the shorts a hard lesson. Naked shorts just handed their asses again today. But keep parroting the official FINRA lies while congress writes the subpoena to demand an audit of the last short disaster