Formulations and methods of treatment are disclosed for prevention and/or treatment of visual loss from age-related macular degeneration. The disclosed formulations include botulinum neurotoxin. The disclosed formulations may be applied to an intraocular or extraocular region of a patient. If applied to an extra ocular region of a patient, the botulinum-based pharmaceutical formulation may then be transported to the intra-ocular region of the patient, allowing the active ingredient(s) to penetrate into the choroid, neuro-retina, and/or retinal pigment epithelium without direct injection into the eye, eliminating risk of retinal detachment, retinal break, retinal hemorrhage, and blindness. The methods described herein allow for increased blood flow to the choroid, which improves removal of metabolites and intra retinal fluid and also serves to arrest, reverse and/or delay early and later stages of age-related macular degeneration[emphasis added].