The distinction, with a difference, between racist individuals of all races and racism in general is the systemic nature of the latter.
When the power of government is behind denying a race it's civil rights, which was the case for a century after the civil War, that is racism of a far, far, more pervasive and damaging nature than individual racism, which doesn't have the power of government behind it.
You only need to look at every aspect of American life that ended up being desegregated....the military, the police, professional sports, public accommodations, access to the ballot, public schools, higher education and the professions....to see the difference.