Replies to post #20818 on Mymetics Corp (MYMX)

[Staypositive1]

Soon my friend. Read the last line in the paragraph.

Virsomes

Virosomes are liposomes made of phospholipid and viral spike glycoproteins or other viral proteins, which can be prepared from the envelope proteins of various viruses, such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [57-59]. As a platform technology, influenza virosomes have been used as carriers and adjuvants for subunit vaccines [60]. They are recombinant virosomes made in vitro by simulating the natural structure of the virus, with a diameter is about 150 nm, free of viral nucleic acid [61], and are mainly composed of natural phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [62]. As promising novel vaccine adjuvants in the development of vaccines, influenza virosomes have been used in influenza vaccines (Inflexal® V) and hepatitis A virus vaccines (Epaxal®).
Virosome adjuvants can be used as a delivery system to deliver large molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, and drugs [63]. By encapsulating antigens in virosomes, they can reduce the degradation of antigens outside the cells and deliver them to the lymph nodes through binding to cell receptors and membrane fusion to introduce antigens into the cytoplasm. Virosome adjuvants can also assist APCs to acquire antigens and present them in the form of major histocompability complex (MHC) I and MHC II [61], thereby activating CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell, enhancing the specific humoral and cellular immune responses [64,65]. This is very important for the development of vaccines for intracellular infectious pathogens such as SARSCoV- 2. Virosome adjuvant vaccines have good safety, tolerability and immunogenicity, but some adverse events are still inevitable [66,67]. Currently, virosomes have already been used as carriers and adjuvants for the vaccine development and cancer prevention and immunotherapy. For example, cervical cancer is one of the cancers successfully treated by virosome-fomulated cervical cancer vaccines [68].

[Staypositive1]

Conclusion

The COVID-19 epidemic is still spreading around the world, and it may become a seasonal disease coexisting with humans for a long time. The development of vaccines is the most favorable means to completely stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The application of adjuvant is of great significance in the development
of vaccines. It can not only effectively reduce the amount of antigen used, but also regulate the intensity and change the type of immune response. In this paper, we reviewed the commonly used vaccine adjuvants, including aluminum adjuvants, MF59, AS adjuvants, virosomes, ISA51, CpG ODN and other promising adjuvants, hoping to assist researchers to choose appropriate adjuvants according to the R & D needs of different vaccines and provide information for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, so as to develop more safe, economical and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for the benefit of human health.

[Staypositive1]

All from this:

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/adjuvant-option-for-effective-sarscov2-vaccine-58089.html

Take a look at who they are referencing:

Felnerova D, Viret JF, Glück R, Moser C. Liposomes and virosomes as delivery systems for antigens, nucleic acids and drugs. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2004;15(6):518-529.

Saga K, Kaneda Y. Virosome presents multimodel cancer therapy without viral replication. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:764706.

Blom RAM, Amacker M, van Dijk RM, Moser C, Stumbles PA, Blank F, et al. Pulmonary Delivery of Virosome-Bound Antigen Enhances Antigen-Specific CD4(+) T Cell Proliferation Compared to Liposome-Bound or Soluble Antigen. Front Immunol. 2017;8:359.

Ansaldi F, Orsi A, de Florentiis D, Parodi V, Rappazzo E, Coppelli M, et al. Head-to-head comparison of an intradermal and a virosome influenza vaccine in patients over the age of 60: evaluation of immunogenicity, cross-protection, safety and tolerability. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(3):591-598.

Kanra G, Marchisio P, Feiterna-Sperling C, Gaedicke G, Lazar H, Durrer P, et al. Comparison of immunogenicity and tolerability of a virosome-adjuvanted and a split influenza vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(4):300-306.

Liu H, Tu Z, Feng F, Shi H, Chen K, Xu X. Virosome, a hybrid vehicle for efficient and safe drug delivery and its emerging application in cancer treatment. Acta Pharm. 2015;65(2):105-16.