In fact, the second-generation smallpox vaccine currently produced in the United States, ACAM2000, is a clone of the first-generation vaccine used in the country,
Imvanex (Modified Vaccinia Ankara – Bavarian Nordic) is a non-replicating smallpox vaccine developed and manufactured by Bavarian Nordic. It was approved in the European Union for active immunization against smallpox disease in adults in July 2013,[10] and was approved in Canada where it is marketed as Imvamune.[11][12][13] On its path for the approval in the U.S., Imvamune undergoes additional series of evaluation studies.[14][15][16]
Imvanex contains a modified form of the vaccinia virus, Modified vaccinia Ankara, which does not replicate in human cells and hence does not cause the serious side effects that are seen with replicating smallpox vaccines. These replicating vaccines use different strains of the vaccinia virus, which all replicate in humans, and are not recommended for people with immune deficiencies and exfoliative skin disorders, such as eczema or atopic dermatitis. Vaccines containing vaccinia viruses were used effectively in the campaign to eradicate smallpox. Because of similarities between vaccinia and the smallpox virus, the antibodies produced against vaccinia have been shown to protect against smallpox. In contrast to replicating smallpox vaccines, which are applied by scarification using a bifurcated needle, Imvanex is administered by injection via the subcutaneous route.
The company has worked for several years with the NIAID[10] on the development of a filovirus vaccine for Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever diseases. In October 2014, following a successful pre-clinical demonstration of the combination vaccine regimen of its multivalent MVA-BN Filovirus vaccine and Crucell/Janssen's AdVac technology based on adenoviral vectors, Bavarian Nordic joined efforts with Crucell Holland B.V., one of the Janssen Pharmaceuticals Companies of Johnson & Johnson to develop and manufacture this vaccine regimen intended for emergency use to help contain the outbreak in West Africa.[11][12][13] In January 2015, the company had produced the first 400,000 doses of the vaccine and the first clinical trial of the vaccine regimen was initiated in the UK, with additional trials planned in the US and Africa.[14] It was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2020.[15]
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