Hiroshima Atomic Bombing Raising Questions 75 Years Later
August 6, 20205:01 AM ET Heard on Morning Edition
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe bows in front of a memorial to people who were killed in the 1945 atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Philip Fong/AFP via Getty Images
The dawn of the nuclear age began with a blinding, flesh-melting blast directly above the Japanese city of Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945. It was 8:16 a.m. on a Monday, the start of another work day in a city of nearly 300,000 inhabitants. An estimated two-thirds of that population — nearly all civilians — would soon be dead.
The dropping by American warplanes of that first atomic bomb, code-named Little Boy -- and another, code-named Fat Man, three days later in Nagasaki — led to Japan's surrender on Aug. 15, 1945, and the end of World War II.
At the time, the morality and legality of those nuclear attacks was hardly the subject of public debate.
"Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan's power to make war," President Harry Truman, who ordered the attacks, declared in a speech to the nation hours after the bombing of Hiroshima. "If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth."
The last surviving member of the crew that flew over Hiroshima that day died in November. Before then, he recalled what he thought while aboard a B-29 named Necessary Evil as the bomb dropped from another warplane, the Enola Gay.
"We had to go out and kill every one of them," former Army 2nd Lt. Russell Gackenbach, who flew as a navigator on both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki missions, told the Voices of the Manhattan Project in 2016.
In a 2018 NPR interview, Gackenbach expressed no second thoughts about the annihilation of most of Hiroshima's inhabitants.
"I do not regret what we did that day," he said. "All war is hell. The Japanese started the war. It was our turn to finish it."
But another witness to the 900-foot-wide fireball that heated the air above Hiroshima to 500,000 degrees Fahrenheit has made it her life's mission to eliminate nuclear weapons.
"We atomic bomb survivors are greatly disturbed by the continued modernization of nuclear weapons by the United States and other countries, and your stated willingness to use these instruments of genocide," 88-year-old Setsuko Thurlow wrote to President Trump in a letter published Monday in The Daily Hampshire Gazette. "Nuclear weapons are not a necessary evil, they are the ultimate evil. It is unacceptable for any state to possess them."
Thurlow was a 13-year-old a mile from ground zero in Hiroshima the day the bomb fell there.
"Although that happened in the morning, it was already very dark, like twilight," she told NPR's Kelly McEvers in 2016. "I could see some dark moving object approaching to me. They happened to be human beings. They just didn't look like human beings. I called them ghosts."
"They were covered with blood and burned and blackened and swollen, and the flesh was hanging from the bones," the atomic blast survivor added. "Parts of their bodies were missing, and some were carrying their own eyeballs in their hands. And as they collapsed, their stomach burst open."
Four years ago, President Barack Obama became the first American head of state to visit Hiroshima's Peace Memorial. He offered condolences, but pointedly did not offer apologies.
"The morning of August 6, 1945 must never fade," Obama told a crowd gathered near the shell of the sole building left standing where the bomb exploded. "That memory allows us to fight complacency. It fuels our moral imagination. It allows us to change."
Pope Francis took a more critical stance during a November visit to that same peace memorial in Hiroshima.
"Using nuclear power to wage war is today, more than ever, a crime," the pontiff declared, adding it was immoral even to possess nuclear weapons.
Some prominent experts in the law of war are also reexamining the Hiroshima attack.
"There is no question that a dropping of a large nuclear weapon amongst the civilian population is a war crime," says Harvard Law School professor Gabriella Blum. "Under the current laws of war, if you know you are going to impact civilians, you must provide warning and you must take precautions to avoid harming civilians to the extent possible. There is no doubt none of that was considered and none of that was seriously weighed in reference to Hiroshima and Nagasaki."
In a similar critical vein, the cover story for the current issue of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists is titled, "Why the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima Would Be Illegal Today."
"We know that one of the main objectives was to cause as much civilian harm as possible, to create a shock among the civilians," says Stanford law professor Allen Weiner, one of the cover story's three authors.
"The bomb in Hiroshima was dropped quite far away from the edge of town where the factories and worker housing was located," Weiner notes, "and one of the great ironies is that those factories and worker housing that were [cited by U.S. officials] in selecting Hiroshima as a target survived the atomic bombing. They were not destroyed."
But Weiner also points out that in 1945 no nations had signed a treaty barring the kind of aerial bombardment of civilians that the U.S. carried out in Hiroshima.
"I'm prepared to really give a quite hardcore hedge and say that in 1945, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not clearly illegal," says Weiner.
"President Truman Speech After the Bombing of Hiroshima"
1,139,799 views •Jun 4, 2015
Smithsonian Channel
The 1945 Japanese surrender ceremony of WWII signaled a monumental end to a brutal conflict. And war correspondent William Courtenay was there to film it all.
Japanese Emperor Hirohito apparently overruled his cabinet and his military leaders with his surrender order.
Yesterday i saw a good documentary which reminded us that Japanese military leaders, and others, did not want to surrender, even after all the previous bombs, then Hiroshima with Little Boy on August 6 and 'Fat Man on Nagasaki August 9, had been dropped.
Opinion: WORLD WAR II: THE DAY HIROHITO OVERRULED JAPAN'S CABINET
This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them.
Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions.
To the Editor:
In a recent letter (May 15) former President Nixon said in justification of the use of the atomic bomb against Japan that ''bringing about its surrender by conventional forces would undoubtedly have cost far more lives.''
Soter and Commager err in assuming that ''total military collapse'' implied surrender. Japan was a defeated nation long before the bomb was dropped. It had endured the strangling blockade by the U.S. fleet, the ferocious aerial bombardment of cities (the March 9 raid on Tokyo killed more civilians than did either atomic bomb), the defeat on Okinawa and Soviet entry into the Pacific war.
But a defeated Japan would not surrender until compelled to do so by the Emperor. The Emperor was told on Aug. 7 that ''the whole city of Hiroshima was destroyed instantly by a sin-gle bomb.'' Dr. Nishina, Japan's leading atomic scientist, confirmed that it was an atomic explosion.
Hirohito then told his official spokesman, Koichi Kido: ''Under these circumstances we must bow to the inevitable. We must put an end to this war as speedily as possible so this tragedy will not be repeated.''
The following day, Hirohito told Foreign Minister Togo, ''We can no longer continue the struggle now that a weapon of this devastating power was used against us'' and instructed him to ''tell (Premier) Suzuki it is my wish that the war be ended as soon as possible on the basis of the Potsdam Proclamation.''
Had the atomic bombs not been dropped, a massive allied attack on the home islands - which Washington had approved in June - might have been necessary. And an invasion of Japan would have been catastrophic.
Japan was prepared for a kamikaze resistance. The Cabinet had already adopted the Homeland Battle Strategy Plan to fight ''a decisive battle ... even at the cost of self-destruction of the entire Japanese race.'' On June 8, just two months before Hiroshima, the Cabinet approved a plan of defense calling for ''100 million people to arise from the vantage ground of their sacred land to strike the invaders dead.''
Even after the atomic bombs had been dropped, Japanese military leaders opposed surrender. At the Imperial Conference on Aug. 9, when the Emperor finally overruled the Cabinet, War Minister Anami argued, ''If the people of Japan went into the decisive battle in the homeland determined to display the full measure of patriotism and to fight to the very last, Japan would be able to avert the crisis facing her.''
American leaders knew of Japan's fanatic resolve to fight to the end and counted the horrible consequences of an invasion. Secretary of War Stimson dreaded ''the ghastly specter of a clash of great land armies,'' and Army Chief of Staff Marshall advised President Truman on July 23 that an invasion of Japan could ''cost as much as a million casualties on the American side, with an equal number of the enemy.'' Gen. Leslie Groves, head of the atomic bomb project, believed that the casualties in an invasion could have exceeded 10 million.
Market Data 
Markets 
AI
