OT
Spain and Mid Europe , Spharad is modern Hebrew for Spain (though in biblical times it was known as I-Shpanim, thus "Espanna for Spain in Spanish), Ashkenaz, that one is really complicated. It refers to the Western branch of Judaism originating from jewish settlements on the Rhine (around the sixth century) and spread from there to the rest of Europe. The complication is that there is a "Biblical Ashkenaz" located somewhere where Armenia is today, and that "Ashkenaz" has no relationship to todays Ashkenazi Jews. Some people claims that the term was derived from Scandia (the origin of German tribes) or from Saxon the predominant Geman culture in the times of Charlemagne. Interestingly, by the 11th century Ashkenaz and German became equivalent in Hebrew (one of the major Biblical commentators of the period, Rashi, brings german expressions as part of his commentaries and call them "Leshon (language) Ashkenaz". I could write another three pages including the source of the word "Gemania " (supposedly a derivative of the biblical "Gomer") and so on, but that should suffice.
Zeev
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