Regarding valuations and how out of hand they are:
Decision Point Alert By Carl Swenlin December 21, 2002
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THE REAL P/E RATIO
The "as reported" P/E for the S&P 500 (a.k.a. earnings based on GAAP -- Generally Accepted Accounting Principals) is the historical standard for reporting earnings. The normal range for GAAP P/E ratio is between 10 (undervalued) to 20 (overvalued). The investment sales industry would like us to think that "pro forma" or "operating earnings" is the same as GAAP, but operating earnings are a fabrication prone to gross distortion. There is no standard by which operating earnings can be judged because operating earnings are not based on real accounting -- all revenue is included, but selective expenses are ignored. This version is becoming known as EBBS (Earnings Before Bad Stuff). Standard & Poors has introduced a third version called "core" earnings, which is more critical and analytical than the other two, and is designed to reveal the true condition of the company. Our opinion is that GAAP earnings must be used for historical comparisons, and core earnings should be used for individual company value analysis. Pro forma earnings should be thrown into a pile, aged, and used for fertilizer.
As of 12/18/02 Standard & Poors reported the following earnings for the S&P 500: "As Reported" (GAAP) EPS is $30.34; P/E is 26.70. "Core" EPS is $18.48; P/E is 53.56. "Pro Forma" EPS is $44.03; P/E is 18.51.
Based upon the latest as reported earnings the following would be the approximate S&P 500 values at the cardinal points of the normal historical value range: