One of the most effective ways of determining actual emissions from a source and its ability to comply with emissions limits is to conduct a stack test. To help ensure that testing is done in accordance with approved protocols, Department staff spend many days afield witnessing stack tests. Under the current EPA Compliance Monitoring Strategy, stack testing has been given a higher priority, especially for major sources where there is no other reliable method of determining compliance. Many Title V permits now include the requirement that a source conduct a stack test at least once during the term of the permit (five years). Some violations have been detected as the result of stack testing. These violations are often classified as HPVs and are referred to the Division of Environmental Enforcement for enforcement action.