Here is part of the article addressing your question and the link to the whole article. the smoke particles are charged and do temporily adhere to objects, but as my point is shown the "dirt" is not removed and thus is still there at a later point to do its damage.
D. Ionizer Ionization by itself uses high voltage to negatively charge airborne particles. Since pure ionizers capture no particles, charged particles are simply released into the room where they tend to attach to surfaces. This means that ionizers may only have a temporary effect of eliminating particles from the air. The EPA also draws attention to the fact that these charged particles when inhaled may have a higher propensity to get trapped in our lungs and become harmful to our lungs