the defendants caused the price of the stock to increase from $.30 (Canadian) to $3.10 (Canadian) per share between January and June 1993 by (1) paying kickbacks totaling $540,000 to stockbrokers in the U.S. for inducing their customers to purchase more than one million shares of Fairmont stock, (2) creating the false appearance of an active market in Fairmont stock by buying and selling large quantities of the stock, including wash sales and cross trades, and (3) controlling the timing and pricing of certain transactions