Royalties were factored in... read the flow chart. Operating costs $14 per barrel General and administrative costs $3 per barrel Royalties $2.97 per barrel Severance taxes $ .99 per barrel Total production cost factor $20.96 per barrel. Information was taken from a fact sheet issued by the Independent Petroleum Association of America. <A HREF="http://www.ipaa.org/issues/factsheets/oil/MarginalWellTaxCreditFactSheetOctober2004.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ipaa.org/issues/factsheets/oil/MarginalWellTaxCreditFactSheetOctober2004.pdf</A>