nc4s, Don't forget Dr Ohl who accidentally created the PN junction but who was smart enough to recognize this was something profound. This fundamental accident and discovery by Dr Ohl started the entire semicondutor industry. A big salute to you Dr. Ohl!!!!! <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl</A> Gutaquest