The BLU-82 was originally designed to clear helicopter landing zones and artillery emplacements in Vietnam. Eleven BLU-82s were dropped during the 1991 Gulf War, all from Special Operations C-130s. The initial drops were believed to be intended to test the ability of the bomb to clear or breach mine fields;[1] however no reliable assessments of mine clearing effectiveness are publicly available. Later, bombs were dropped as much for their psychological effect as for their anti-personnel effects.[2] The US Air Force dropped several BLU-82s during the campaign to destroy the Taliban and al-Qaeda terror networks in Afghanistan to attack and demoralize personnel and to destroy underground and cave-complexes.