Tornado Alley (PROG)

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Interested in more of the science? IMMUNE DEFENCES ..
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012498251250006X

"How Long Will a Vaccine Really Take?"

Cedric Mims, in The War Within Us ..
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124982512 , 2000

Summary of the immune response

This completes the account of immune defences. In summary, the T helper cells .. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/t-helper-cell .. are the eyes and ears of the immune defences and their job is to recognize foreign intruders. Once they have done so they switch on a formidable piece of machinery. A hail of bullets and arrows is released (antibody) and front-line soldiers (phagocytes) and other specialist combat units (cytotoxic T cells) are mobilized and armed. The attack on the invader begins.

Summary 1 –

Setting up an immune response (see also Figure 11)

Microbe enters body and one of its antigens is

[ .. or read .. Trump enters the American body politic and one of his family is .. ]

engulfed by an APC (antigen-presenting cell)

and digested to a smaller molecule (peptide)

and displayed or ‘presented’ (with MHC class 2*) on the APC's surface.

Wandering T helper cell capable of recognizing this particular peptide/MHC class 2

encounters the APC, and

recognizes it by means of the T cell receptor ..
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/t-lymphocyte-receptor ..
(special recognition site on T helper cell)

T helper cell is now stimulated, and divides repeatedly (to amplify the response), and either:

1. Releases cytokines that turn resting macrophages into aggressive microbe-killers,

and

causes formation of the type of T cells ..
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/t-cell ..
(cytotoxic T cells) that kill infected host cells and form antimicrobial ..
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/antiinfective-agent .. substances

This is cell-mediated immunity .. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cellular-immunity .. (CMI)

or 2. Finds a B cell displaying the same peptide/MHC class 2

recognizes it by means of the T cell ..
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/t-cell .. receptor and

switches on the B cell which divides repeatedly and all the offspring form antibody

This is the antibody arm of the response

The two summary tables outline:

1. The events during the setting up of an immune response, and

2. The methods by which the immune response protects us.

Summary 2 –

How immune defences protect the host

Much more - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/immunity