Mymetics Corp (MYMX)

[Work Harder]

Rh5-CyRPA-Ripr

Whatever that is about

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30542156

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30965383

https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1007809

Influenza virus vaccine (Fluad) - Seqirus

https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800013987

Adjuvants: Classification, Modus Operandi, and Licensing

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2016/1459394/

From above

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00381875?term=NCT00381875&rank=1

MF59. MF59 is a water-in-oil squalene based emulsion that is currently licensed as part of a flu vaccine (Fluad™, Seqirus) for individuals >65 years old. Initially, the vaccine focused on elderly subjects but was later tested in the second major flu risk group, young children and infants, and was successful in both cases [30, 31]. In addition, it was also approved for the H1N1 pandemic vaccine for pregnant woman and young children [32]. Moreover, infants vaccinated with MF59-adjuvant trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) presented higher antibody titers and polyfunctional cytokine producing CD4+ T cells than children immunized with the nonadjuvant TIV [33, 34]. The inclusion of MF59 enhanced the low effectiveness of this influenza vaccine in children under 2 years of age. Thereafter, MF59 was tested as an adjuvant for an HBV vaccine, and it was able to induce an immune response one hundred times more potent than the one induced with alum [35].
As with the majority of adjuvants, the mechanisms of action of MF59 are not fully understood. Similar to alum, MF59 effect does not rely on depot formation at the injection site, as its half-life is 42 hours [7, 36]. However, MF59 seems to be a powerful adjuvant due to its ability to induce cellular and humoral responses, including high titers of functional antibodies [37]. Indeed, MF59 is able to stimulate macrophages, resident monocytes, and DCs to secrete several chemokines like CCL4, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL8 that in turn induce leukocyte recruitment and antigen uptake leading to migration to lymph nodes and triggering the adaptative immune response [32, 38, 39]. Systems biology studies also revealed that MF59 increases expression of the leukocyte transendothelial migration gene cluster and recruitment of MHCII+CD11b+ cells at injection site and this profile may be predictive of robust immune responses [40]. Moreover, an elegant paper by Vono and colleagues showed that transient ATP release is required for innate and adaptive immune responses induced by MF59 [41].