Bob Gund Thanks again for your initiatives...excellent clarifications. Btw, if I am not mistaken, TPMs themselves are considered to be an I/O implementation. <A HREF="http://www.national.com/appinfo/advancedio/" target="_new">http://www.national.com/appinfo/advancedio/</A> If you click on "Trusted I/O" (middle of the above page) you get: <A HREF="http://www.national.com/appinfo/advancedio/others.html#trusted" target="_new">http://www.national.com/appinfo/advancedio/others.html#trusted</A> PC21100 SafeKeeperâ„¢ and Security I/O