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great. congrats. that must be a long flight /layover/flight/drive. time flies. a few months and off they go.
O T. My oldest daughter ( 15 years older from first marriage ) and son in law took her to Bulldog days at Yale last week. They flew Kona to Chicago on United direct, then to Hartford . Hartford to Denver then Denver to Kona back. I hate to fly. Only when absolutely necessary. I’m right where I want to be. Paradise.😎🤙
all right/all right. jfk to new haven? alaska airline non stop?
She took the free full ride to Yale. Go Bulldogs!! KAATN’s
go dartmouth. their president is doing more to encourage conversation and debate. perhaps , being up in the new hampshire mountains keeps the non- students out of their business. they have the heritage of daniel webster as a corner stone of their ethos.
Yep. Nothing new in his appeal. Just wrong address to notify him etc District court didn’t buy it . Dallas court of appeal didn’t buy it. Let’s hope the State Supreme Court drops the hammer soon. 🤞….GO BULLDOGS!!!
what is the appeal based on? how was he deprived of due process? the appellate court already ruled he had a responsibility to inform the court of any change of address. He failed in his responsibilities. he indicated at his trial he was able to assume his legal representation, they say. if they let it go on, then this is a sham/show for the peanut gallery. there is manipulation from the gods above?
Doc. What do you make of this. Does he have 15 days after all 8 Judges rule or after the first 3 kick it out not even to be heard by all 8 Judges. Kinda vague imo.
Parties that wish to file an appeal in the Supreme Court must do within 45 days of a Court of Appeals’ judgment or denial of a motion to rehear the case. After the case has been reviewed and a decision made by the Supreme Court, unsatisfied parties may petition for a rehearing. This should be done within 15 days, beginning from the date the court’s final decision was issued. There is no fixed time limit for issuing a decision on a case by the Supreme Court of Texas. However, in cases that involve parent-child relationships, final dispositions are typically issued on an average of 180 days after the appeal is filed
Upon reading it again, I think he’d only get 15 days to file for 1 last hearing on “ The Supreme Courts” decision of a denial meaning he loses. . That sounds like all 8 Judges. ???? Ya think? Or?
non centralized storage, creator, secure place private location.
ploinks /puddle:
Using
the web
The fingerprint data used for unlocking your phone is stored securely within the device itself. Here’s how it works:
Local Storage:
When you set up fingerprint authentication on your phone, the device captures an image of your fingerprint.
This image is then converted into a unique numerical template.
The template is encrypted and stored locally on the phone.
No Central Database:
Unlike some other biometric systems, such as facial recognition, fingerprint data is not sent to a central server or database.
The entire process happens within the secure enclave of your device.
Matching Process:
When you place your finger on the fingerprint scanner to unlock the phone, the device captures a new image.
The new image is compared to the stored template.
If they match, access is granted.
Security Measures:
Fingerprint data is not accessible to apps or external services.
The template is not reversible back to the original fingerprint image.
The secure enclave ensures that the data remains encrypted and protected.
Privacy Considerations:
Fingerprint data is not shared with third parties unless explicitly authorized (e.g., for mobile payments).
It’s important to trust the manufacturer’s security practices and ensure regular software updates.
In summary, your fingerprint data is stored securely on your phone, and the matching process happens locally without external servers or database
take a gander at the articles about glance , lockscreen, and cpaas applications. might it reflect the msft/android/other os like ios and and 'neoware os' ip of motolola mpc? ask winning.
Microsoft Intune is a cloud-based endpoint management solution. It empowers IT administrators to manage, secure, and monitor devices, apps, and data across an organization. Here are some key points about Intune:
Device Management:
Intune allows organizations to manage a wide range of devices, including:
Mobile devices (iOS, Android, Windows)
Desktop computers
Virtual endpoints
User Access and Security:
Intune helps control user access to organizational resources.
It ensures that devices comply with security policies and standards.
Organizations can enforce encryption, password policies, and other security measures.
App and Data Management:
Intune simplifies app deployment and management.
It allows organizations to distribute apps to users’ devices.
Data protection features include selective wipe, app protection policies, and conditional access.
Integration with Other Microsoft Services:
Intune integrates seamlessly with other Microsoft services, such as:
Microsoft Defender for Endpoint: Enhancing threat protection.
Configuration Manager: Co-managing Windows devices.
Azure Active Directory: Managing user identities and access.
Hybrid and Remote Workforce Support:
Intune supports both hybrid and remote work scenarios.
It provides solutions for managing devices regardless of their location.
In summary, Microsoft Intune streamlines device management, enhances security, and ensures efficient app and data management across various endpoints in an organization
Microsoft Intune is a cloud-based endpoint management solution. It empowers IT administrators to manage, secure, and monitor devices, apps, and data across an organization. Here are some key points about Intune:
Device Management:
Intune allows organizations to manage a wide range of devices, including:
Mobile devices (iOS, Android, Windows)
Desktop computers
Virtual endpoints
User Access and Security:
Intune helps control user access to organizational resources.
It ensures that devices comply with security policies and standards.
Organizations can enforce encryption, password policies, and other security measures.
App and Data Management:
Intune simplifies app deployment and management.
It allows organizations to distribute apps to users’ devices.
Data protection features include selective wipe, app protection policies, and conditional access.
Integration with Other Microsoft Services:
Intune integrates seamlessly with other Microsoft services, such as:
Microsoft Defender for Endpoint: Enhancing threat protection.
Configuration Manager: Co-managing Windows devices.
Azure Active Directory: Managing user identities and access.
Hybrid and Remote Workforce Support:
Intune supports both hybrid and remote work scenarios.
It provides solutions for managing devices regardless of their location.
In summary, Microsoft Intune streamlines device management, enhances security, and ensures efficient app and data management across various endpoints in an organization
me:
msft intune and azure active directory support for meta quest pro and 2. says copilot, admins can provision these devices for users with a quest for business subscription from meta......interesting, the admin will select the dynamic dns addresses to obtain the desired virtual servers and virtual services desired?
potential for chatgpt 5? that would be a nice b day gift for altman.
me: the synergies of the interoperability and merging of the neural networks/ai networks/communications network/data networks/gpu and accelerator networks...each doing what they do best while allowing the partner entities to do what they do best would hopefully produce the best/most efficient/safest/etc work products possible?
msft with tiny windows 11 builder? supposed to get rid of the software bloat, the article said.
but now maybe this distinguises v ip's tiny web server from the other 'tiny' web servers in the playstore?
web server and imessage........duh, it's virtualized access, which will save money and bandwidth on the network? yes, they can also use rcs, but will use ploinks and puddle ip..........wags. i hope.
today is s altman's b day. tom's guide article today about confluence of potential for chatgpt5 for biopharma, also another story about ai generated crispr tech. ? segueing to ginkgo bioworks network? that would be huge. msft/openai/8/but ploinks and puddle involved big time:
i can see the pr about a potential 8 participation in such gpt efforts.
me: brands/biopharmas can more easily advance their collaborative efforts in an environment which protects your intellectual property, shares what you admin to be shareable, attributes your contribution to the community efforts, allows joint working on creator pages, allows the creator to invite and disinvite membership and eyeballs on the work, ensure the fabric and networking and dynamic routing, and authentication by third party entity which won't/can't centrally store the work/data as it will be virtually accessed from the creators server? guesses.
Copilot
Using
the web
Apple plans to adopt Rich Communication Services (RCS) in 2024. This upgrade will enhance messaging standards for non-iMessage conversations. RCS, developed by the GSM Association and championed by Google, combines features of SMS and MMS while adding additional functionality. Some benefits of RCS include support for higher-resolution photos and videos, larger file sizes, audio messages, cross-platform emoji reactions, real-time typing indicators, read receipts, and improved group chats. While RCS will enhance iPhone-to-Android chats, iMessage will continue to be the default for conversations between Apple device owners. Unlike Google’s version of RCS, Apple intends to work with the GSMA to develop a more secure form of encryption natively baked into RCS1==================================is a rose by any other name called, ploinks/puddle?
Copilot
Using
the web
RCS (Rich Communication Services) does not inherently rely on a central web server. Instead, it operates as an extension of the Short Message Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) protocols. Here are some key points about RCS:
Protocol and Features:
RCS enhances traditional SMS/MMS by providing additional features such as:
Read receipts: Indicating when a message has been read.
Typing indicators: Showing when someone is typing a response.
High-resolution media: Allowing better image and video quality.
Group chats: Supporting multiple participants.
Interactive buttons: Enabling actions within messages.
Peer-to-Peer Communication:
RCS messages are exchanged directly between devices (peer-to-peer).
Unlike SMS/MMS, which often route through carrier servers, RCS messages can bypass intermediaries.
Carrier Support and Implementation:
RCS adoption depends on carrier support and device compatibility.
Some carriers have implemented RCS natively, while others rely on third-party apps or services.
Google’s Jibe RCS Cloud Platform provides a cloud-based solution for carriers to enable RCS.
No Central Web Server:
RCS messages do not rely on a central web server for delivery or storage.
They operate within the native messaging app on compatible devices.
Security and Encryption:
RCS messages benefit from end-to-end encryption (E2EE) when both sender and recipient support it.
However, E2EE is not universally enforced across all RCS implementations.
In summary, RCS is designed for direct communication between devices, leveraging existing infrastructure without the need for a central web server. 🌐💬📱
interop of slack , google chat, msft teams messaging out of beta......which might mean android/message and apple imessage might soon be coming out? or, does rcs do it? what is rcs vs ploinks?
ploinks is peer to peer and the data is stored on your mobile device.so the message sent is virtual data.....you delete it on the server and it's gone. but when you send it is the recipient designating the dynamic dns address into their local network view? oh, so that's the 8x8 integration? wags. so imessage could be the 744 web page constructed by the local agent of sms and media, both of which are virtual data components? the google chat/slack/msft teams interop of sms with the data/media of the creators web server in the peer to peer architecture?
ginkgo bio and gates' foundationinvestment; sam altman and open ai; 8 partner of openai; gingko bio network of partner companies;
generative ai for bio/ dna sequencing /etc.
big pharma comes with their data and the ginkgo bioworks network of on prem /cloud hybrids are the distributed resources of ai
with the ability to provide the huge parallel gpu network of openai/msft 100 billion dollar data center which can use both msft virtualization and vmware virtualization. using cpaas communications at various locations of the processing...thus allowing the parallel processing and blockchain verifications of the results. wags.
game changer. just found this line of thought after tuna sandwich today.
Copilot
Using
the web
Certainly! Let’s explore the fascinating collaboration between Ginkgo Bioworks and Pfizer:
Ginkgo Bioworks and Pfizer Collaboration:
Announcement: On September 27, 2023, Ginkgo Bioworks (NYSE: DNA) and Pfizer (NYSE: PFE) announced a multi-target RNA discovery collaboration.
Focus: The collaboration centers around the discovery of RNA-based drug candidates.
Ginkgo’s Proprietary RNA Technology: Pfizer will leverage Ginkgo’s proprietary RNA technology to advance the discovery and development of novel RNA molecules across priority research areas.
Financial Terms:
Ginkgo will receive an upfront payment.
They are eligible for research fees and development and commercial milestone payments, totaling up to $331 million across three programs.
Ginkgo may also receive royalties on sales1.
RNA Therapeutics: RNA therapeutics encode proteins with the potential to treat or cure diseases. This approach represents an exciting new avenue in medicine.
Ginkgo’s Approach: Ginkgo combines high-throughput screening of RNA constructs with a multi-parameter design framework. Their goal is to identify optimal natural and synthetic elements for specific applications, ensuring efficient production, stability, and enhanced translation of each RNA construct.
Pfizer’s Perspective: Pfizer recognizes the importance of RNA therapeutics and aims to search for novel RNA constructs with improved stability and expression for more effective treatments.
Programmable Medicines: Ginkgo’s broad RNA Codebase and Foundry enable the era of programmable medicines in collaboration with Pfizer1.
In summary, this collaboration exemplifies how cutting-edge biotechnology companies like Ginkgo Bioworks and pharmaceutical giants like Pfizer join forces to advance scientific innovation and therapeutic solutions. 🌱🔬💊
Copilot
Using
the web
Certainly! While gaming and DNA sequencing may seem unrelated at first glance, there are intriguing connections between them:
Gamification of DNA Sequencing:
Gamification involves incorporating game elements (such as challenges, rewards, and competition) into non-game contexts. In the field of DNA sequencing, researchers have explored gamification to enhance data analysis and engagement.
Foldit, for instance, is an online puzzle game where players fold proteins into stable structures. By playing, users contribute to protein structure prediction and drug design. Their solutions help scientists understand protein folding and function1.
Similarly, EteRNA is a game where players design RNA molecules. The collective efforts of players have led to real-world advancements in RNA design and synthetic biology1.
Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science:
Gaming platforms can serve as powerful tools for crowdsourcing scientific tasks. DNA sequencing generates vast amounts of data, and involving the public can accelerate research.
Citizen science games allow players to contribute to scientific projects. For example, Phylo turns DNA sequence alignment into a puzzle game, helping researchers improve sequence alignments1.
Educational Games:
Games can educate players about DNA, genetics, and sequencing techniques. Interactive games make learning more engaging.
Genes in Space, an iOS game, lets players analyze real DNA microarray data while navigating a spaceship. Their decisions contribute to cancer research1.
Bioinformatics and Algorithms:
Behind DNA sequencing lies complex bioinformatics and computational algorithms. These algorithms align sequences, identify variants, and assemble genomes.
Researchers often use gaming-inspired optimization techniques (such as genetic algorithms) to solve bioinformatics problems2.
DNA Storage and Gaming Convergence:
DNA has immense data storage potential due to its compactness and durability. Some envision a future where DNA could store digital information.
While not directly related to gaming, the idea of using DNA as a data storage medium aligns with the concept of encoding information in biological molecules2.
In summary, the relationship between gaming and DNA sequencing involves gamification, crowdsourcing, education, and computational approaches. These intersections demonstrate how diverse fields can collaborate to advance scientific understanding. 🎮🧬
https://www.generalatlantic.com/media-article/ginkgo-bioworks-launches-new-organism-foundry-supported-by-275-million-in-series-d-funding/
“We believe that Ginkgo’s outstanding team, technology, and business model position it well for continued growth,” said Dr. Michelle Dipp, Managing Director of General Atlantic. “We look forward to working closely with Jason and the entire Ginkgo team to support the company’s expansion into new industries and global markets.”
“Ginkgo taught me to understand that DNA is code that can be designed and built to do amazing things,” said Y Combinator president Sam Altman. “It’s time for Silicon Valley to pay attention to biology, because designing organisms will have an impact in ways that designing computer code never will.”
did general atlantic get a patent agreement from v/no solutions?
gaming paradigm and dna sequencing?
general atlantic has now flipped to healthcare companies, including dna design and antibodies..they would be ideal candidates for partnering with v ip/8/ inovio and upenn.....wags.
Dan told me it was down earlier but said later that it was fixed and back up severe hours ago. 😎🤙
I tried to log in and got some strange website.
What is going on with VCSY-chat it is down and I have not been able to bring it up.
All the delays have been because of his trial then district appeal then now state appeal. He can’t take it to Supreme Court. This is his last chance. But if he wins. We start all over with a new trial. He will be found guilty again imo because all of this appeal b s is over his wrong address. Not because he didn’t commit fraud embezzlement and theft. But he can appeal again imo guessing. Not sure?
When it comes to Wade's legal (illegal) dealings, your guess is as good, or better, than mine. I'm just trying to come up with possible reasons for all the delays.
Do you think the IRS etc haven’t arrested him is because of his appeals? I’m thinking that must be why. He was found guilty of fraud, embezzlement and theft in civil court. It seems to me a prosecutor should charge him criminally now. Or do they have to wait for all of his appeals to be over with?
Kona, I doubt that we're looking at a multiyear situation from here...but even if we are, as long as you're in relatively good health, you won't be dead when the stock comes back to life. It just means you'll have a little less time to enjoy it. The waiting has been hard on all of us. I've been waiting since 2000. It's still possible that something happens this year, so don't give up hope. You're right that the BoD is looking forward to it. I doubt they would have put themselves in a situation where their payoff came too late for them. As for Wade, his life seems to be over anyway, one way or the other, unless his whole part in this game of court shenanigans has been preplanned, maybe as a way to try to throw the public off the trail? If that's the case, then Doc's suspicions would be correct, and Wade would be able to enjoy the rest of his life. We not only don't know when the final verdict will come, we don't know what it will be. I wouldn't be surprised if nothing happened at least until after the election. Naturally, I hope I'm wrong...but I'm not gonna worry about it. I'm gonna live my life, and let the chips fall where they may.
Jedi yep. If he gets a whole new trial and looses I think he could start the appeal process all over again on some bogus technicality to Dallas court of appeals and then to Texas Supreme Court of appeals again. Wash rinse repeat . if that happens we’ve all been royally screwed. A whole bunch of us will be dead. Probably including Wade as he’s getting up there. 78 is it?But our BoD are no spring chickens either and ya got to think they want this done yesterday so they can retire too Let’s all hope this is over soon. 😩🤞
Kona, I hope you're right, but if they really want to continue their delay tactics, they could order a "new trial", even if they already know the verdict. The only thing that's going to help us is when that time actually arrives that they've been shooting for all these years. Good luck to all of us.
segue this new hardware with 8 's recent patents for user configuration of servers and virtual services. this could lead to a whole new generation of clients.with ai augmented virtual servers and virtual services. such virtual servers and virtual services might also be realized as mainframes......ah, so valde still in play?
a new take on transaction processing facilities with generative ai . wags.
and the 8 patents on virtual data center talks about data from distributed resources.....call dell/emc as well as msft azure, amazon, google.
google news of centralizing devices and ai in one platform and group, would seem to point to them using the creat once and use on most all platforms, wags.
IMO. We should hear yes or no by end of this month from the Texas Supreme Court on whether or not they will give Wade a new trial. We wait.
In a recent study, a team of researchers from Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Palo Alto, California, have fabricated and demonstrated a hybrid memristor/transistor circuit for the first time. The team demonstrated conditional programming of a nanomemristor by the hybrid circuit, showing that the same elements in a circuit can be configured to act as logic, signal routing, and memory. By routing a logic operation’s output signal back onto a memristor, the circuit could even reconfigure itself, opening the doors to a variety of self-programming circuits.
“It actually takes at least a dozen transistors to mimic the electrical properties of a single memristor,” Stan Williams of HP told PhysOrg.com. “Thus, for circuits that require some type of latching or other function performed by a memristor, it is at least conceivable for a designer to replace several active transistors with one passive memristor, which is much smaller than a single transistor. This maintains the capability of the chip while decreasing the number of transistors, which saves both silicon area and power. Thus, it may be possible to continue the equivalent of Moore's law for a couple of generations not by making transistors smaller, but by replacing some subset of them with memristors.”
Hard to believe two clowns sit on this board all day, day after day, year after year, technobabbling about technology irrelevant to VCSY and wishing VCSY would start trading again and all the "infringers" would pay up. LOL!
Then they'll cancel yours and everyone else's shares when they file bankruptcy.
remember general atlantic. now 8 is downgraded by morgan stanley:me:
too funny ; argus now invested in by general atlantic is which advised by morgan stanley. argus seems to hate 8.
8 and v?
remember general atlantic. now 8 is downgraded by morgan stanley:me:
too funny ; argus now invested in by general atlantic is which advised by morgan stanley. argus seems to hate 8.
direct peering in azure? v ip social network ip?:
In 1964, science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke predicted the future of work, saying that in the early 21st century, “men will no longer commute; they will communicate.” Developments in communications technology, said Clarke, will allow a person to “conduct his business from Tahiti or Bali, just as well as he could from London.”
Today, millions of professionals use unified communications solutions such as 8x8 and Microsoft Teams to do just that. Moreover, hundreds of thousands of users around the globe rely on 8x8 for real-time customer communications within Microsoft Teams.
The 8x8 for Microsoft Teams portfolio
The 8x8 for Microsoft Teams solution portfolio empowers organizations with a variety of options for deploying reliable calling in Teams to ensure global reach and business continuity.
8x8 Voice for Microsoft Teams offers Direct Routing as a Service, which can be more flexible for complex deployments with legacy equipment or an expanded global footprint, with full PSTN (public-switched telephone network) replacement in over 59 countries. The portfolio also offers a cost-effective calling option through 8x8 Phone App for Microsoft Teams, as well as omnichannel customer communications through the certified 8x8 Contact Center for Microsoft Teams.
8x8 Operator Connect for Microsoft Teams, by contrast, provides the quickest onboarding experience through Operator Connect, Microsoft’s preferred method for integrating third-party PSTN calling service providers through Teams. The analyst firm Cavell Group estimates that this will overtake direct routing as the most popular Teams calling option by the end of 2024.
“There is a huge market opportunity for partners to add value to the Microsoft Teams platform through telephony enablement and CX services, such as contact center,” notes Patrick Watson, Head of Research at Cavell Group. “As organizations review and rationalize their Teams investments, partners who are able to provide the full range of communications solutions are best suited to meet customer needs throughout their Teams’ estates.
“Currently, only 8x8 is equipped and certified across the range of communications and customer engagement solutions for Teams. Now with the addition of 8x8 Operator Connect for Microsoft Teams, 8x8 can meet the needs of every possible persona in an organization while also reducing the number of communication partners required to maximize their investment in the platform.”
The benefits of 8x8 Operator Connect for Microsoft Teams
As a new solution in Microsoft’s partner directory, 8x8 Operator Connect is purpose-built and Microsoft-certified to quickly enable native calling functionality in Teams. The service is powered by 8x8’s leading UCaaS network—a 12-time UCaaS Gartner Magic Quadrant Leader—to provide reliable, global communications in Microsoft Teams while delivering flexible calling plans and increasing administrator efficiency.
What makes 8x8 Operator Connect for Microsoft Teams one of the best Teams Phone options? Here are six fundamental benefits of the solution:
Microsoft-certified. 8x8 Operator Connect is fast to deploy and fully compliant with Microsoft’s Operator Connect program.
Reliable. Direct peering through Microsoft Azure meets program architecture, support, network, and shared SLA requirements.
Complete. 8x8 Operator Connect is part of the 8x8 for Microsoft Teams portfolio that offers 8x8’s patented Global Reach technology, flexible calling plans, and is the only Operator Connect provider with a Teams-certified contact center with free on-net calling.
Teams Phone Native. To keep things even more simple, calls happen exactly where users expect them—natively within Microsoft Teams.
Efficient. Admins can provision phone numbers and manage users from the Microsoft Teams admin center to accelerate deployment time.
Cost-effective. 8x8 is the only vendor in addition to Microsoft needed for complete calling in Teams. Organizations can consolidate providers and vendors while enhancing Teams communications through this single additional source.
cisco and arbitrary object framework for decentralized security of everything?
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/cisco-reimagines-security-data-centers-070000298.html=
could be the naming for the joint work of 8's tech partners environment?
they talk autonomous segmentation to isolate the deviant, but that sounds like what v was reselling to me.
hey, i wonder if v is a partner of the 8 tech partners environment. that seems kind of a jv of ips?
8 voice for msft teams on azure....with msft go to market helping sell 8. 8 voice is /would allow server to server communications of cpaas. 1st to the 2nd computer, which would then need the data, markup, file downloads into a folder, etc of vip. including the peer social network of a ethernet connected network of nodes, which defines azure. wags....so, now this looks like msft is now going forward with v ip/8 software solutions in company with their technology partner ecosystem, which would be the msft/google, salesforce, adobe, sap, amazon, ibm, opentext, hp memristor with sk hynix, oracle, dell/emc, vmware/broadcomm, nvidia, etc
social network experience they say...........:https://finance.yahoo.com/news/microsoft-ai-copilot-starting-automate-090004657.html
All good reads
Memristor
Memristor (pronounced /'m?mr?st?r/; a portmanteau of "memory resistor") is a passive two-terminal electrical component in which there is a functional relationship between electric charge and magnetic flux linkage. When current flows in one direction through the device, the electrical resistance increases; and when current flows in the opposite direction, the resistance decreases. When the current is stopped, the component retains the last resistance that it had, and when the flow of charge starts again, the resistance of the circuit will be what it was when it was last active. It has a regime of operation with an approximately linear charge-resistance relationship as long as the time-integral of the current stays within certain bounds.
Memristor theory was formulated and named by Leon Chua in a 1971 paper. In 2008, a team at HP Labs announced the development of a switching memristor based on a thin film of titanium dioxide. These devices are being developed for application in nanoelectronic memories, computer logic, and neuromorphic computer architectures. In October 2011, the same team announced the commercial availability of memristor technology within 18 months, as a replacement for Flash, SSD, DRAM and SRAM.
This text uses material from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA
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Hybrid memristors. Hmmmm
PhysOrg.com) -- As researchers strive to increase the density and functionality of circuit elements onto computer chips, one newer option they have is a memory resistor (or “memristor”), the fourth passive circuit element. First predicted to exist in 1971 and fabricated in 2008, memristors are two-terminal devices that change their resistance in response to the total amount of current flowing through them.
By dynamically changing the doping profile inside the memristive materials, scientists can control the current-voltage relationship of the device, thus controlling the “memristance.” Since they don’t lose their state when the electrical power is turned off, memristors also have nonvolatile memory.
However, memristors are passive elements, meaning they cannot introduce energy into a circuit. In order to function, memristors need to be integrated into circuits that contain active elements, such as transistors, which can amplify or switch electronic signals. A circuit containing both memristors and transistors could have the advantage of providing enhanced functionality with fewer components, in turn minimizing chip area and power consumption.
In a recent study, a team of researchers from Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Palo Alto, California, have fabricated and demonstrated a hybrid memristor/transistor circuit for the first time. The team demonstrated conditional programming of a nanomemristor by the hybrid circuit, showing that the same elements in a circuit can be configured to act as logic, signal routing, and memory. By routing a logic operation’s output signal back onto a memristor, the circuit could even reconfigure itself, opening the doors to a variety of self-programming circuits.
“It actually takes at least a dozen transistors to mimic the electrical properties of a single memristor,” Stan Williams of HP told PhysOrg.com. “Thus, for circuits that require some type of latching or other function performed by a memristor, it is at least conceivable for a designer to replace several active transistors with one passive memristor, which is much smaller than a single transistor. This maintains the capability of the chip while decreasing the number of transistors, which saves both silicon area and power. Thus, it may be possible to continue the equivalent of Moore's law for a couple of generations not by making transistors smaller, but by replacing some subset of them with memristors.”
The HP team’s memristor design consisted of two sets of 21 parallel 40-nm-wide wires crossing over each other to form a crossbar array, fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. A 20-nm-thick layer of the semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) was sandwiched between the horizontal and vertical nanowires, forming a memristor at the intersection of each wire pair. An array of field effect transistors surrounded the memristor crossbar array, and the memristors and transistors were connected to each other through metal traces.
Then the researchers tested the device by performing a basic logic function (AB + CD) from four voltage inputs representing the four values. The operations were performed on two different rows of the memristor crossbar, and the results were routed through the transistors, which amplified the signals and fed the corresponding signal back to the memristor crossbars for programming purposes. In other words, the output signal from the simple logic function of the memristor circuits could be used to reprogram a memristor for a new operation.
“Self-programming is a form of learning,” Williams explained. “Thus, circuits with memristors may have the capacity to learn how to perform a task, rather than have to be programmed to do it.”
As the researchers explained, the basis of the memristor is that the resistance of the device can be changed and be remembered, which is physically manifested by the movement of positively charged oxygen vacancies, which are dopants in a semiconducting TiO2 film. A positive bias voltage can push the vacancies away from an electrode and increase the resistance, whereas a negative bias will attract the vacancies and decrease the resistance. If left alone, the programmed state will remain as it is for at least one year.
The researchers hope that this prototype of a hybrid memristor/transistor circuit will lead to further integrations of memristors with conventional CMOS circuits. In addition, the demonstration of a system that can alter its own programming could lead the way toward a variety of new architectures, such as adaptive synaptic circuits.
More information: Borghetti, Julien; Li, Zhiyong; Straznicky, Joseph; Li, Xuema; Ohlberg, Douglas A. A.; Wu, Wei; Stewart, Duncan R.; and Williams, R. Stanley. “A hybrid nanomemristor/transistor logic circuit capable of self-programming.” PNAS, February 10, 2009, vol. 106, no. 6, 1699-1703.
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