Monday, February 15, 2016 12:21:10 PM
Positive Thinking May Come With A Very Big Negative
New research ties positive thinking to higher risk for depression over the long term.
Tassii via Getty Images
Focusing on positive fantasies now may bring depression later.
By David Freeman
02/01/2016 07:04 pm ET
So much for the power of positive thinking.
Surprising new research suggests that indulging in upbeat fantasies may exacerbate symptoms of depression [ http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/14/0956797615620783.abstract ] in the long run, even if it gives a boost to one's mood in the here and now.
"It's not that positive thinking is bad, or that negative thinking is good," said Gabriele Oettingen [ http://www.psych.nyu.edu/oettingen/ ], a psychology professor at New York University and one of the scientists behind the research. "The idea is that we need to use positive thinking and fantasies in a way that is appropriate for what we want to use it for."
If your intent is to reach a goal that you associate with feeling happier or more fulfilled, Oettingen said, it's important to leaven your positive fantasies with realistic thinking about obstacles that stand between you and that goal.
For example, if you wish to repair a troubled relationship with a family member, it's probably best to think realistically about specific steps needed to turn that wish into a reality rather than simply to imagine how wonderful the repaired relationship will be.
Oettingen, who's also the author of the 2014 book Rethinking Positive Thinking, called this dual-thinking process mental contrasting [ http://www.psych.nyu.edu/gollwitzer/OettingenGollwitzer.pdf ]. People who use it, she maintained, may be more likely to follow through on the steps required to overcome obstacles.
For the research, published online Jan. 29 in the journal Psychological Science, Oettingen and collaborators at the University of Hamburg in Germany and the University of Virginia conducted four related experiments involving a mix of adults and children.
In one experiment, the researchers asked 88 college students to imagine themselves in 12 open-ended scenarios. The students jotted down whatever thoughts and images came to mind and then rated these fantasies according to how positive they were.
Students who came up with more positive fantasies scored lower on a questionnaire used to gauge symptoms of depression. But when all of the students completed the same questionnaire one month later, those who had more positive fantasies scored higher for depression than did the students who had imagined less upbeat scenarios.
Similar results were seen in the other experiments [ http://www.psypost.org/2016/01/positive-fantasies-about-the-future-predict-symptoms-of-depression-40583 ].
The findings don't prove that positive fantasies cause future depression. But they do indicate that positive fantasies are a risk factor for a depressed mood over time. The conclusion is a stark contrast to the familiar admonition that, in order to lead a happy, successful life, we must maintain a steady stream of positive thoughts.
"The modern era is marked by a push for ever-positive thinking, and the self-help market fueled by a reliance on such positive thinking is $9.6-billion industry that continues to grow," Oettingen and her collaborators wrote in the conclusion to the paper. "Our findings raise questions of how costly this market may be for people's long-term well-being and for society as a whole."
Copyright © 2016 TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/positive-thinking-depression_us_56afcc16e4b0b8d7c2303e1a [with comments]
*
Pleasure Now, Pain Later
Positive Fantasies About the Future Predict Symptoms of Depression
Published online before print January 29, 2016
Abstract
Though common sense suggests that positive thinking shelters people from depression, the four studies reported here showed that this intuition needs to be qualified: Positive thinking in the form of fantasies about the future did indeed relate to decreased symptoms of depression when measured concurrently; however, positive fantasies predicted more depressive symptoms when measured longitudinally. The pattern of results was observed for different indicators of fantasies and depression, in adults and in schoolchildren, and for periods of up to 7 months (Studies 1–4). In college students, low academic success partially mediated the predictive relation between positive fantasies and symptoms of depression (Study 4). Results add to existing research on the problematic effects of positive fantasies on performance by suggesting that indulging in positive fantasies predicts problems in mental health.
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/14/0956797615620783.abstract
*
Positive Thinking On The Future May Backfire Later
Glass half full photo by shutterstock.
By Rick Nauert PhD
February 2, 2016
Provocative new research suggests positive fantasies about how future events will turn out can help you feel good in the present, but they may actually lead to increased depressive symptoms in the long run.
This finding leads investigators to question many programs that accentuate the power of positive thinking. They believe maintaining a realistic sense of perspective in the present could help a person maintain an emotional balance as time progresses.
The findings have been published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
“Our findings suggest that as pleasurable and helpful as positive fantasies are for depressive mood in the moment, they can be problematic and cumbersome over time,” said lead researcher Dr. Gabriele Oettingen of New York University.
In a series of four studies, Oettingen and colleagues Drs. Doris Mayer (University of Hamburg) and Sam Portnow (University of Virginia) found that the more positively participants fantasized about the future, the fewer depressive symptoms they showed at that moment but the more symptoms they showed at a follow-up session.
This pattern of results emerged when the researchers tested both adults and children and over follow-up periods that ranged from one month up to seven months after the initial session.
In one study, the researchers asked 88 undergraduate students to imagine themselves in 12 different open-ended scenarios. The students were given a prompt for the scenario and were told to imagine how the scenarios would play out.
The participants wrote down whatever thoughts and images came to mind and rated how positive and how negative these fantasies were.
Oettingen and colleagues found that the college students who came up with more positive fantasies had lower scores on a scale measuring depressive symptoms; that is, at that moment, they seemed to be less depressed than their peers.
However, when the students completed the scale again one month later, they showed higher depressive symptoms relative to students who had imagined more negative scenarios.
The researchers saw similar results in a study they conducted with 109 fourth- and fifth-graders, finding that children who reported more positive fantasies had fewer symptoms at the initial session but more symptoms seven months later in comparison to children who reported more negative fantasies.
Additional findings indicate that individual effort (or motivation to work) may help to explain, at least in part, the link between positive fantasies and depressive symptoms.
College students who reported positive fantasies tended to report putting less effort into their coursework; this was, in turn, associated with lower grades and higher depression scores.
Given the correlational nature of these studies, further experimental research would be needed to determine whether there is a direct causal link between positive fantasies and depressive symptoms in the long term.
But, according to the researchers, the findings suggest that positive fantasies are a risk factor for depressed mood over time.
These results could be particularly important in light of the popular focus on positive thinking as a key part of the popular self-help industry.
“The modern era is marked by a push for ever-positive thinking, and the self-help market fueled by a reliance on such positive thinking is a $9.6 billion industry that continues to grow,” Oettingen and colleagues note in their paper.
“Our findings raise questions of how costly this market may be for people’s long-term well-being and for society as a whole.”
Investing in positive fantasies, the researchers argue, may prevent us from acknowledging the obstacles that stand in the way of reaching our goals and undertaking strategies to surmount them.
“Positive fantasies must be complemented with a good sense of reality,” said Oettingen.
Source: Association for Psychological Science [ http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/imagining-positive-outcomes-may-bring-pleasure-now-but-pain-later.html ]
Copyright © 2016 Psych Central
http://psychcentral.com/news/2016/02/02/thinking-positive-about-the-future-may-lead-to-later-problems/98545.html
--
How America Was Lost
By Paul Krugman
FEB. 14, 2016
Once upon a time, the death of a Supreme Court justice wouldn’t have brought America to the edge of constitutional crisis. But that was a different country, with a very different Republican Party. In today’s America, with today’s G.O.P., the passing of Antonin Scalia has opened the doors to chaos.
In principle, losing a justice should cause at most a mild disturbance in the national scene. After all, the court is supposed to be above politics. So when a vacancy appears, the president should simply nominate, and the Senate approve, someone highly qualified and respected by all.
In reality, of course, things were never that pure. Justices have always had known political leanings, and the process of nomination and approval has often been contentious. Still, there was nothing like the situation we face now, in which Republicans have more or less unanimously declared that President Obama has no right even to nominate a replacement for Mr. Scalia — and no, the fact that Mr. Obama will leave soon doesn’t make it O.K. (Justice Kennedy was appointed during Ronald Reagan’s last year in office.)
Nor were the consequences of a court vacancy as troubling in the past as they are now. As everyone is pointing out, without Mr. Scalia the justices are evenly divided [ http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Hx/SupremeCourt.html ] between Republican and Democratic appointees — which probably means a hung court on many issues.
And there’s no telling how long that situation may last. If a Democrat wins the White House but the G.O.P. holds the Senate, when if ever do you think Republicans would be willing to confirm anyone the new president nominates?
How did we get into this mess?
At one level the answer is the ever-widening partisan divide. Polarization [ http://home.gwu.edu/~bartels/Bartels%20Chapter%20-%20Polarization%20Volume%20FINAL.pdf ] has measurably increased in every aspect of American politics, from congressional voting to public opinion, with an especially dramatic rise in “negative partisanship [ http://stevenwwebster.com/research/all_politics_is_national.pdf ]” — distrust of and disdain for the other side. And the Supreme Court is no different. As recently as the 1970s the court had several “swing” members, whose votes weren’t always predictable from partisan positions, but that center now consists only of Mr. Kennedy, and only some of the time.
But simply pointing to rising partisanship as the source of our crisis, while not exactly wrong, can be deeply misleading. First, decrying partisanship can make it seem as if we’re just talking about bad manners, when we’re really looking at huge differences on substance. Second, it’s really important not to engage in false symmetry: only one of our two major political parties has gone off the deep end.
On the substantive divide between the parties: I still encounter people on the left (although never on the right) who claim that there’s no big difference between Republicans and Democrats, or at any rate “establishment” Democrats. But that’s nonsense. Even if you’re disappointed in what President Obama accomplished, he substantially raised taxes on the rich and dramatically expanded the social safety net; significantly tightened financial regulation; encouraged and oversaw a surge in renewable energy; moved forward on diplomacy with Iran.
Any Republican would undo all of that, and move sharply in the opposite direction. If anything, the consensus among the presidential candidates seems to be that George W. Bush didn’t cut taxes on the rich nearly enough, and should have made more use of torture.
When we talk about partisanship, then, we’re not talking about arbitrary teams, we’re talking about a deep divide on values and policy. How can anyone not be “partisan” in the sense of preferring one of these visions?
And it’s up to you to decide which version you prefer. So why do I say that only one party has gone off the deep end?
One answer is, compare last week’s Democratic debate with Saturday’s Republican debate. Need I say more?
Beyond that, there are huge differences in tactics and attitudes. Democrats never tried to extort concessions by threatening to cut off U.S. borrowing and create a financial crisis; Republicans did. Democrats don’t routinely deny the legitimacy of presidents from the other party; Republicans did it to both Bill Clinton and Mr. Obama. The G.O.P.’s new Supreme Court blockade is, fundamentally, in a direct line of descent from the days when Republicans used to call Mr. Clinton “your president [ http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/us/armey-may-be-leaving-but-isn-t-going-quietly.html ].”
So how does this get resolved? One answer could be a Republican sweep — although you have to ask, did the men on that stage Saturday convey the impression of a party that’s ready to govern? Or maybe you believe — based on no evidence I’m aware of — that a populist rising from the left is ready to happen any day now. But if divided government persists, it’s really hard to see how we avoid growing chaos.
Maybe we should all start wearing baseball caps that say, “Make America governable again.”
© 2016 The New York Times Company
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/15/opinion/how-america-was-lost.html [with comments]
--
Kanye West drops new album, says he's $53 million in debt
February 15, 2016
http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/14/entertainment/kanye-west-life-of-pablo-snl-feat/
*
Kanye taps ‘bruh’ Mark Zuckerberg for $1B
February 15, 2016
http://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/15/ [with comments]
*
Kanye West Wants Mark Zuckerberg to Invest $1 Billion Into His Ideas
“After realizing he is the greatest living artist and greatest artist of all time"
Feb. 14, 2016
http://time.com/4224413/kanye-west-mark-zuckerberg/ [ http://time.com/4224413 ]
*
Inside DONDA: Kanye West’s Plan to Rule the World (and Save His Bank Account)
The outspoken rapper-fashion designer-entrepreneur claims to be a whopping $53 million in debt, but recently unveiled his comprehensive ‘DONDA’ chart/plan to take over the world.
02.15.16
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/15/inside-donda-kanye-west-s-plan-to-rule-the-world-and-save-his-bank-account.html
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New research ties positive thinking to higher risk for depression over the long term.
Tassii via Getty Images
Focusing on positive fantasies now may bring depression later.
By David Freeman
02/01/2016 07:04 pm ET
So much for the power of positive thinking.
Surprising new research suggests that indulging in upbeat fantasies may exacerbate symptoms of depression [ http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/14/0956797615620783.abstract ] in the long run, even if it gives a boost to one's mood in the here and now.
"It's not that positive thinking is bad, or that negative thinking is good," said Gabriele Oettingen [ http://www.psych.nyu.edu/oettingen/ ], a psychology professor at New York University and one of the scientists behind the research. "The idea is that we need to use positive thinking and fantasies in a way that is appropriate for what we want to use it for."
If your intent is to reach a goal that you associate with feeling happier or more fulfilled, Oettingen said, it's important to leaven your positive fantasies with realistic thinking about obstacles that stand between you and that goal.
For example, if you wish to repair a troubled relationship with a family member, it's probably best to think realistically about specific steps needed to turn that wish into a reality rather than simply to imagine how wonderful the repaired relationship will be.
Oettingen, who's also the author of the 2014 book Rethinking Positive Thinking, called this dual-thinking process mental contrasting [ http://www.psych.nyu.edu/gollwitzer/OettingenGollwitzer.pdf ]. People who use it, she maintained, may be more likely to follow through on the steps required to overcome obstacles.
For the research, published online Jan. 29 in the journal Psychological Science, Oettingen and collaborators at the University of Hamburg in Germany and the University of Virginia conducted four related experiments involving a mix of adults and children.
In one experiment, the researchers asked 88 college students to imagine themselves in 12 open-ended scenarios. The students jotted down whatever thoughts and images came to mind and then rated these fantasies according to how positive they were.
Students who came up with more positive fantasies scored lower on a questionnaire used to gauge symptoms of depression. But when all of the students completed the same questionnaire one month later, those who had more positive fantasies scored higher for depression than did the students who had imagined less upbeat scenarios.
Similar results were seen in the other experiments [ http://www.psypost.org/2016/01/positive-fantasies-about-the-future-predict-symptoms-of-depression-40583 ].
The findings don't prove that positive fantasies cause future depression. But they do indicate that positive fantasies are a risk factor for a depressed mood over time. The conclusion is a stark contrast to the familiar admonition that, in order to lead a happy, successful life, we must maintain a steady stream of positive thoughts.
"The modern era is marked by a push for ever-positive thinking, and the self-help market fueled by a reliance on such positive thinking is $9.6-billion industry that continues to grow," Oettingen and her collaborators wrote in the conclusion to the paper. "Our findings raise questions of how costly this market may be for people's long-term well-being and for society as a whole."
Copyright © 2016 TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/positive-thinking-depression_us_56afcc16e4b0b8d7c2303e1a [with comments]
*
Pleasure Now, Pain Later
Positive Fantasies About the Future Predict Symptoms of Depression
Published online before print January 29, 2016
Abstract
Though common sense suggests that positive thinking shelters people from depression, the four studies reported here showed that this intuition needs to be qualified: Positive thinking in the form of fantasies about the future did indeed relate to decreased symptoms of depression when measured concurrently; however, positive fantasies predicted more depressive symptoms when measured longitudinally. The pattern of results was observed for different indicators of fantasies and depression, in adults and in schoolchildren, and for periods of up to 7 months (Studies 1–4). In college students, low academic success partially mediated the predictive relation between positive fantasies and symptoms of depression (Study 4). Results add to existing research on the problematic effects of positive fantasies on performance by suggesting that indulging in positive fantasies predicts problems in mental health.
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/14/0956797615620783.abstract
*
Positive Thinking On The Future May Backfire Later
Glass half full photo by shutterstock.
By Rick Nauert PhD
February 2, 2016
Provocative new research suggests positive fantasies about how future events will turn out can help you feel good in the present, but they may actually lead to increased depressive symptoms in the long run.
This finding leads investigators to question many programs that accentuate the power of positive thinking. They believe maintaining a realistic sense of perspective in the present could help a person maintain an emotional balance as time progresses.
The findings have been published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
“Our findings suggest that as pleasurable and helpful as positive fantasies are for depressive mood in the moment, they can be problematic and cumbersome over time,” said lead researcher Dr. Gabriele Oettingen of New York University.
In a series of four studies, Oettingen and colleagues Drs. Doris Mayer (University of Hamburg) and Sam Portnow (University of Virginia) found that the more positively participants fantasized about the future, the fewer depressive symptoms they showed at that moment but the more symptoms they showed at a follow-up session.
This pattern of results emerged when the researchers tested both adults and children and over follow-up periods that ranged from one month up to seven months after the initial session.
In one study, the researchers asked 88 undergraduate students to imagine themselves in 12 different open-ended scenarios. The students were given a prompt for the scenario and were told to imagine how the scenarios would play out.
The participants wrote down whatever thoughts and images came to mind and rated how positive and how negative these fantasies were.
Oettingen and colleagues found that the college students who came up with more positive fantasies had lower scores on a scale measuring depressive symptoms; that is, at that moment, they seemed to be less depressed than their peers.
However, when the students completed the scale again one month later, they showed higher depressive symptoms relative to students who had imagined more negative scenarios.
The researchers saw similar results in a study they conducted with 109 fourth- and fifth-graders, finding that children who reported more positive fantasies had fewer symptoms at the initial session but more symptoms seven months later in comparison to children who reported more negative fantasies.
Additional findings indicate that individual effort (or motivation to work) may help to explain, at least in part, the link between positive fantasies and depressive symptoms.
College students who reported positive fantasies tended to report putting less effort into their coursework; this was, in turn, associated with lower grades and higher depression scores.
Given the correlational nature of these studies, further experimental research would be needed to determine whether there is a direct causal link between positive fantasies and depressive symptoms in the long term.
But, according to the researchers, the findings suggest that positive fantasies are a risk factor for depressed mood over time.
These results could be particularly important in light of the popular focus on positive thinking as a key part of the popular self-help industry.
“The modern era is marked by a push for ever-positive thinking, and the self-help market fueled by a reliance on such positive thinking is a $9.6 billion industry that continues to grow,” Oettingen and colleagues note in their paper.
“Our findings raise questions of how costly this market may be for people’s long-term well-being and for society as a whole.”
Investing in positive fantasies, the researchers argue, may prevent us from acknowledging the obstacles that stand in the way of reaching our goals and undertaking strategies to surmount them.
“Positive fantasies must be complemented with a good sense of reality,” said Oettingen.
Source: Association for Psychological Science [ http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/imagining-positive-outcomes-may-bring-pleasure-now-but-pain-later.html ]
Copyright © 2016 Psych Central
http://psychcentral.com/news/2016/02/02/thinking-positive-about-the-future-may-lead-to-later-problems/98545.html
--
How America Was Lost
By Paul Krugman
FEB. 14, 2016
Once upon a time, the death of a Supreme Court justice wouldn’t have brought America to the edge of constitutional crisis. But that was a different country, with a very different Republican Party. In today’s America, with today’s G.O.P., the passing of Antonin Scalia has opened the doors to chaos.
In principle, losing a justice should cause at most a mild disturbance in the national scene. After all, the court is supposed to be above politics. So when a vacancy appears, the president should simply nominate, and the Senate approve, someone highly qualified and respected by all.
In reality, of course, things were never that pure. Justices have always had known political leanings, and the process of nomination and approval has often been contentious. Still, there was nothing like the situation we face now, in which Republicans have more or less unanimously declared that President Obama has no right even to nominate a replacement for Mr. Scalia — and no, the fact that Mr. Obama will leave soon doesn’t make it O.K. (Justice Kennedy was appointed during Ronald Reagan’s last year in office.)
Nor were the consequences of a court vacancy as troubling in the past as they are now. As everyone is pointing out, without Mr. Scalia the justices are evenly divided [ http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Hx/SupremeCourt.html ] between Republican and Democratic appointees — which probably means a hung court on many issues.
And there’s no telling how long that situation may last. If a Democrat wins the White House but the G.O.P. holds the Senate, when if ever do you think Republicans would be willing to confirm anyone the new president nominates?
How did we get into this mess?
At one level the answer is the ever-widening partisan divide. Polarization [ http://home.gwu.edu/~bartels/Bartels%20Chapter%20-%20Polarization%20Volume%20FINAL.pdf ] has measurably increased in every aspect of American politics, from congressional voting to public opinion, with an especially dramatic rise in “negative partisanship [ http://stevenwwebster.com/research/all_politics_is_national.pdf ]” — distrust of and disdain for the other side. And the Supreme Court is no different. As recently as the 1970s the court had several “swing” members, whose votes weren’t always predictable from partisan positions, but that center now consists only of Mr. Kennedy, and only some of the time.
But simply pointing to rising partisanship as the source of our crisis, while not exactly wrong, can be deeply misleading. First, decrying partisanship can make it seem as if we’re just talking about bad manners, when we’re really looking at huge differences on substance. Second, it’s really important not to engage in false symmetry: only one of our two major political parties has gone off the deep end.
On the substantive divide between the parties: I still encounter people on the left (although never on the right) who claim that there’s no big difference between Republicans and Democrats, or at any rate “establishment” Democrats. But that’s nonsense. Even if you’re disappointed in what President Obama accomplished, he substantially raised taxes on the rich and dramatically expanded the social safety net; significantly tightened financial regulation; encouraged and oversaw a surge in renewable energy; moved forward on diplomacy with Iran.
Any Republican would undo all of that, and move sharply in the opposite direction. If anything, the consensus among the presidential candidates seems to be that George W. Bush didn’t cut taxes on the rich nearly enough, and should have made more use of torture.
When we talk about partisanship, then, we’re not talking about arbitrary teams, we’re talking about a deep divide on values and policy. How can anyone not be “partisan” in the sense of preferring one of these visions?
And it’s up to you to decide which version you prefer. So why do I say that only one party has gone off the deep end?
One answer is, compare last week’s Democratic debate with Saturday’s Republican debate. Need I say more?
Beyond that, there are huge differences in tactics and attitudes. Democrats never tried to extort concessions by threatening to cut off U.S. borrowing and create a financial crisis; Republicans did. Democrats don’t routinely deny the legitimacy of presidents from the other party; Republicans did it to both Bill Clinton and Mr. Obama. The G.O.P.’s new Supreme Court blockade is, fundamentally, in a direct line of descent from the days when Republicans used to call Mr. Clinton “your president [ http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/18/us/armey-may-be-leaving-but-isn-t-going-quietly.html ].”
So how does this get resolved? One answer could be a Republican sweep — although you have to ask, did the men on that stage Saturday convey the impression of a party that’s ready to govern? Or maybe you believe — based on no evidence I’m aware of — that a populist rising from the left is ready to happen any day now. But if divided government persists, it’s really hard to see how we avoid growing chaos.
Maybe we should all start wearing baseball caps that say, “Make America governable again.”
© 2016 The New York Times Company
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/15/opinion/how-america-was-lost.html [with comments]
--
Kanye West drops new album, says he's $53 million in debt
February 15, 2016
http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/14/entertainment/kanye-west-life-of-pablo-snl-feat/
*
Kanye taps ‘bruh’ Mark Zuckerberg for $1B
February 15, 2016
http://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/15/ [with comments]
*
Kanye West Wants Mark Zuckerberg to Invest $1 Billion Into His Ideas
“After realizing he is the greatest living artist and greatest artist of all time"
Feb. 14, 2016
http://time.com/4224413/kanye-west-mark-zuckerberg/ [ http://time.com/4224413 ]
*
Inside DONDA: Kanye West’s Plan to Rule the World (and Save His Bank Account)
The outspoken rapper-fashion designer-entrepreneur claims to be a whopping $53 million in debt, but recently unveiled his comprehensive ‘DONDA’ chart/plan to take over the world.
02.15.16
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/15/inside-donda-kanye-west-s-plan-to-rule-the-world-and-save-his-bank-account.html
--
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Greensburg, KS - 5/4/07
"Eternal vigilance is the price of Liberty."
from John Philpot Curran, Speech
upon the Right of Election, 1790
F6
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