the defendants caused the
price of the stock to increase from $.30 (Canadian) to $3.10 (Canadian) per
share between January and June 1993 by (1) paying kickbacks totaling
$540,000 to stockbrokers in the U.S. for inducing their customers to
purchase more than one million shares of Fairmont stock, (2) creating the
false appearance of an active market in Fairmont stock by buying and
selling large quantities of the stock, including wash sales and cross
trades, and (3) controlling the timing and pricing of certain transactions