Doc, its the timing of the PD1. Before or after DCVax. Not a placebo.
"Extra treatment given after primary therapy is referred to as adjuvant (meaning “helper”) therapy, whereas extra treatment given before primary therapy is referred to as neoadjuvant therapy"
Neoadjuvant “Neoadjuvant” therapy is the administration of therapeutic agents before a main treatment. In the case you refer to, this would mean Keytruda prior to recurrent surgery, then both therapies (DCVax + Keytruda) concurrently. However, what actually worked better was Keytruda + DCVax starting after recurrent surgery.