News 
Market Data 
Discover
Replies to post #3281 on Volt Carbon Technologies Inc (TORVF)
12/02/22 2:12 PM
[color=green]All she needs is volume, amazing tech:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_battery
A solid-state battery is a battery technology that uses solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte, instead of the liquid or polymer gel electrolytes found in lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries.[1][2]
While solid electrolytes were first discovered in the 19th century, several drawbacks have prevented widespread application. Developments in the late 20th and early 21st century have caused renewed interest in solid-state battery technologies, especially in the context of electric vehicles, starting in the 2010s.
Solid-state batteries can provide potential solutions for many problems of liquid Li-ion batteries, such as flammability, limited voltage, unstable solid-electrolyte interphase formation, poor cycling performance and strength.[3]
Materials proposed for use as solid electrolytes in solid-state batteries include ceramics (e.g., oxides, sulfides, phosphates), and solid polymers. Solid-state batteries have found use in pacemakers, RFID and wearable devices. They are potentially safer, with higher energy densities, but at a much higher cost. Challenges to widespread adoption include energy and power density, durability, material costs, sensitivity and stability.[4]
Contents
1 History
2 2000's commercial research & development
3 Materials
4 Uses
4.1 Electric vehicles
4.2 Wearables
4.3 Equipment in space station
4.4 Drones
5 Challenges
5.1 Cost
5.2 Temperature and pressure sensitivity
5.3 Interfacial resistance
5.4 Interfacial instability
5.5 Dendrites
5.6 Mechanical failure
5.6.1 Cathode
5.6.2 Anode
6 Advantages
7 Thin film solid state batteries
7.1 Background
7.2 Structure
7.3 Preparation techniques
7.4 Development of thin film system
7.5 Advantages
7.6 Challenges
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History
Between 1831 and 1834, Michael Faraday discovered the solid electrolytes silver sulfide and lead(II) fluoride, which laid the foundation for solid-state ionics.[5][6]
By the late 1950s, several electrochemical systems employed solid electrolytes. They used a silver ion, but had some undesirable qualities, including low energy density and cell voltages, and high internal resistance.[7] A new class of solid-state electrolyte, developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, emerged in the 1990s, which was then used to make thin film lithium-ion batteries.[8]
2000's commercial research & development
As technology advanced into the new millennium, researchers and companies in the automotive and transportation industries experienced revitalized interest in solid-state battery technologies. In 2011, Bolloré launched a fleet of their BlueCar model cars, first in cooperation with carsharing service Autolib, and later released to retail customers. The car was meant to showcase the company's diversity of electric-powered cells in the application, and featured a 30 kWh lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery with a polymeric electrolyte, created by dissolving lithium salt in a co-polymer (polyoxyethylene).
In 2012, Toyota soon followed suit and began conducting experimental research into solid-state batteries for applications in the automotive industry in order to remain competitive in the EV market.[9] At the same time, Volkswagen began partnering with small technology companies specializing in the technology.
A series of technological breakthroughs ensued. In 2013, researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder announced the development of a solid-state lithium battery, with a solid composite cathode based on an iron-sulfur chemistry, that promised higher energy capacity compared to already-existing SSBs.[10]
In 2017, John Goodenough, the co-inventor of Li-ion batteries, unveiled a solid-state battery, using a glass electrolyte and an alkali-metal anode consisting of lithium, sodium or potassium.[11] Later that year, Toyota announced the deepening of its decades-long partnership with Panasonic, including a collaboration on solid-state batteries.[12] Due to its early intensive research and coordinated collaborations with other industry leaders, Toyota holds the most SSB-related patents.[13] However, other car makers independently developing solid-state battery technologies quickly joined a growing list that includes BMW,[14] Honda,[15] Hyundai Motor Company[16] and Nissan.[17] Other automotive-related companies, such as Spark plug maker NGK, have retrofitted their business expertise and models to cater to evolving demand for ceramic-based solid state batteries, in the face of perceived obsolescence of the conventional fossil-fuel paradigm.[18]
Major developments continued to unfold into 2018, when Solid Power, spun off from the University of Colorado Boulder research team,[19] received $20 million in funding from Samsung and Hyundai to establish a small manufacturing line that could produce copies of its all-solid-state, rechargeable lithium-metal battery prototype,[20] with a predicted 10 megawatt hours of capacity per year.[21]
QuantumScape, another solid-state battery startup that spun out of a collegiate research group (in this case, Stanford University) drew attention that same year, when Volkswagen announced a $100 million investment into the team's research, becoming the largest stakeholder, joined by investor Bill Gates.[22] With the goal to establish a joint production project for mass production of solid-state batteries, Volkswagen endowed QuantumScape with an additional $200 million in June 2020, and QuantumScape IPO'd on the NYSE on November 29, 2020, as part of a merger with Kensington Capital Acquisition, to raise additional equity capital for the project.[23][24] QuantumScape has "scheduled mass production to begin in the second half of 2024".[24]
Qing Tao started the first Chinese production line of solid-state batteries in 2018 as well, with the initial intention of supplying SSBs for “special equipment and high-end digital products”; however, the company has spoken with several car manufacturers with the intent to potentially expand into the automotive space.[25]
In July 2021, Murata Manufacturing announced that it will begin mass production of all-solid-state batteries in the coming months, aiming to supply them to manufacturers of earphones and other wearables.[26] The battery capacity is up to 25mAh at 3.8V,[27] making it suitable for small mobile devices such as earbuds, but not for electric vehicles. Lithium-Ion cells used in electric vehicles typically offer 2,000 to 5,000 mAh at similar voltage:[28] an EV would need at least 100 times as many of the Murata cells to provide equivalent power.
Ford Motor Company and BMW funded the startup Solid Power with $130 million, and as of 2022 the company has raised a total of $540 million.[29]
In September 2021, Toyota announced their plan to use a solid-state battery in some future car models, starting with hybrid models in 2025, due to the cost and lower power requirements.[30]
In January 2022, ProLogium Technology signed a technical cooperation agreement with Mercedes-Benz, a subsidiary of the Daimler Group. The money invested by Mercedes-Benz will be used for solid-state battery development and production preparations.[31]
In February 2022, Alpine 4 Holdings subsidiaries Elecjet and Vayu Aerospace successfully installed Solid State Batteries in their Drones leading up to a sale to a Government Contractor later in the year.[32] In July 2022, Svolt announced the production of a 20 Ah electric battery with an energy density of 350-400 Wh/kg.[33]
Materials
See also: Solid-state electrolyte
Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) candidate materials include ceramics such as lithium orthosilicate,[34] glass,[11] sulfides[35] and RbAg4I5.[36][37] Mainstream oxide solid electrolytes include Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP), Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (LATP), perovskite-type Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3 (LLTO), and garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZO) with metallic Li.[38] The thermal stability versus Li of the four SSEs was in order of LAGP < LATP < LLTO < LLZO. Chloride superionic conductors have been proposed as another promising solid electrolyte. They are ionic conductive as well as deformable sulfides, but at the same time not troubled by the poor oxidation stability of sulfides. Other than that, their cost is considered lower than oxide and sulfide SSEs.[39] The present chloride solid electrolyte systems can be divided into two types: Li3MCl6 [40][41] and Li2M2/3Cl4.[42] M Elements include Y, Tb-Lu, Sc, and In. The cathodes are lithium based. Variants include LiCoO2, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, LiMn2O4, and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2. The anodes vary more and are affected by the type of electrolyte. Examples include In, Si, GexSi1-x, SnO–B2O3, SnS –P2S5, Li2FeS2, FeS, NiP2, and Li2SiS3.[43]
One promising cathode material is Li-S, which (as part of a solid lithium anode/Li2S cell) has a theoretical specific capacity of 1670 mAh g-1, "ten times larger than the effective value of LiCoO2". Sulfur makes an unsuitable cathode in liquid electrolyte applications because it is soluble in most liquid electrolytes, dramatically decreasing the battery's lifetime. Sulfur is studied in solid state applications.[43] Recently, a ceramic textile was developed that showed promise in a Li-S solid state battery. This textile facilitated ion transmission while also handling sulfur loading, although it did not reach the projected energy density. The result "with a 500-µm-thick electrolyte support and 63% utilization of electrolyte area" was "71?Wh/kg." while the projected energy density was 500?Wh/kg.[44]
Li-O2 also have high theoretical capacity. The main issue with these devices is that the anode must be sealed from ambient atmosphere, while the cathode must be in contact with it.[43]
A Li/LiFePO4 battery shows promise as a solid state application for electric vehicles. A 2010 study presented this material as a safe alternative to rechargeable batteries for EV's that "surpass the USABC-DOE targets".[45]
A cell with a pure silicon µSi||SSE||NCM811 anode was assembled by Darren H.S Tan et al. using µSi anode(purity of 99.9 wt %), solid state electrolyte (SSE) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM811) cathode. This kind of solid state battery demonstrated a high current density up to 5 mA cm-2, a wide range of working temperature (-20 °C and 80 °C), and areal capacity (for the anode) of up to 11 mAh cm-2 (2890 mAh/g). At the same time, after 500 cycles under 5 mA cm-2, the batteries still provide 80% of capacity retention, which is the best performance of µSi all solid-state battery reported so far.[46]
Chloride solid electrolytes also show promise over conventional oxide solid electrolytes owing to chloride solid electrolytes having theoretically higher ionic conductivity and better formability.[47] In addition chloride solid electrolyte’s exceptionally high oxidation stability and high ductility add to its performance. In particular a lithium mixed-metal chloride family of solid electrolytes, Li2InxSc0.666-xCl4 developed by Zhou et tal., show high ionic conductivity (2.0 mS cm-1) over a wide range of composition. This is owing to the chloride solid electrolyte being able to be used in conjunction with bare cathode active materials as opposed to coated cathode active materials and its low electronic conductivity.[48] Alternative cheaper chloride solid electrolyte compositions with lower, but still impressive, ionic conductivity can be found with an Li2ZrCl6 solid electrolyte. This particular chloride solid electrolyte maintains a high room temperature ionic conductivity (0.81 mS cm-1), deformability, and has a high humidity tolerance.[49]
Uses
Solid-state batteries are potentially useful in pacemakers, RFIDs, wearable devices, and electric vehicles.[50][51]
Electric vehicles
See also: Electric vehicle
Hybrid and plug-in electric cars use a variety of battery technologies, including Li-ion, nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lead–acid, and electric double-layer capacitor (or ultracapacitor),[52] with Li-ion dominating the market.[53] In August 2020, Toyota started road testing of their prototype vehicle, LQ Concept, equipped with a solid-state battery.[54] In September 2021, Toyota unveiled its strategy on battery development and supply, in which solid-state battery is to be adopted first in their hybrid electric vehicles to utilize its characteristics.[55][56] And, Honda has set their plan schedule to start operation of demonstration line for the production of all-solid-state batteries in Spring 2024.[57]
Wearables
See also: Wearable technology
The characteristics of high energy density and keeping high performance even in harsh environments are expected in realization of new wearable devices that are smaller and more reliable than ever.[50][58]
Equipment in space station
In March 2021, an industrial manufacturer Hitachi Zosen Corporation has developed a solid-state battery, claiming to have one of the highest capacities in the industry, and explained about its usage in harsh conditions in space environment. They have already made agreement with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to test their solid-state batteries in space, and the battery will power camera equipment in Japan's Experiment Module Kibo on the International Space Station (ISS).[59][60]
Drones
Being lighter weight and more powerful than traditional lithium ion batteries it is resonable that Drones would benefit from Solid State batteries. Vayu Aerospace a drone manufacturer and designer noted an increased flight time after they incorporated them into their G1 long flight drone.[61]
Challenges
Cost
Solid-state batteries are traditionally expensive to make[62] and employ manufacturing processes thought to be difficult to scale, requiring expensive vacuum deposition equipment.[8] As a result, costs become prohibitive in consumer-based applications. It was estimated in 2012 that, based on then-current technology, a 20 Ah solid-state battery cell would cost US$100,000, and a high-range electric car would require between 800 and 1,000 of such cells.[8] Likewise, cost has impeded the adoption of solid-state batteries in other areas, such as smartphones.[50]
Temperature and pressure sensitivity
Low temperature operations may be challenging.[62] Solid-state batteries historically had poor performance.[10]
Solid-state batteries with ceramic electrolytes require high pressure to maintain contact with the electrodes.[63] Solid-state batteries with ceramic separators may break from mechanical stress.[8]
In November 2022, Japanese research group, consisting of Kyoto University, Tottori University and Sumitomo Chemical, announced that they have managed to operate solid-state batteries stably without applying pressure with 230Wh/kg capacity by using copolymerized new materials for electrolyte.[64]
Interfacial resistance
High interfacial resistance between a cathode and solid electrolyte has been a long-standing problem for all-solid-state batteries.[65]
Interfacial instability
The interfacial instability of the electrode-electrolyte has always been a serious problem in solid state batteries.[66] After solid state electrolyte contacts with electrode, the chemical and/or electrochemical side reactions at the interface usually produce a passivated interface, which impedes the diffusion of Li+ across the electrode-SSE interface. Upon high-voltage cycling, some SSEs may undergo oxidative degradation.
Dendrites
Lithium metal dendrite from the anode piercing through the separator and growing towards the cathode.
Solid lithium (Li) metal anodes in solid-state batteries are replacement candidates in lithium-ion batteries for higher energy densities, safety, and faster recharging times. Such anodes tend to suffer from the formation and the growth of Li dendrites.[67]
Dendrites penetrate the separator between the anode and the cathode causing short circuits. This causes overheating, which may result in fires or explosions from thermal runaway.[68] Li dendrites reduce coulombic efficiency.[69]
Dendrites commonly form during electrodeposition[70] during charge and discharge. Li ions combine with electrons at the anode surface as the battery charges - forming a layer of lithium metal.[71] Ideally, the lithium deposition occurs evenly on the anode. However, if the growth is uneven, dendrites form.[72] The component of Li dendrites was confirmed as LixCy, Li2O, and LixCyOz in 2018.[73]
Stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was found to be the most effective strategy for inhibiting dendrite growth and increasing cycling performance.[69] Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) may prevent dendrite growth, although this remains speculative.[68] A 2018 study identified nanoporous ceramic separators that block Li dendrite growth up to critical current densities.[74]
In November 2022, a study of MIT is trying to explain that dendrites can sap the power of solid-state lithium batteries and how they form, and suggesting how to divert them.[75][76]
Mechanical failure
A common failure mechanism in solid-state batteries is mechanical failure through volume changes in the anode and cathode during charge and discharge due to the addition and removal of Li-ions from the host structures.[77]
Cathode
Cathodes will typically consist of active cathode particles mixed with SSE particles to assist with ion conduction. As the battery charges/discharges, the cathode particles change in volume typically on the order of a few percent.[78] This volume change leads to the formation of interparticle voids which worsens contact between the cathode and SSE particles, resulting in a significant loss of capacity due to the restriction in ion transport.[77][79][80]
One proposed solution to this issue is to take advantage of the anisotropy of volume change in the cathode particles. As many cathode materials experience volume changes only along certain crystallographic directions, if the secondary cathode particles are grown along a crystallographic direction which does not expand greatly with charge/discharge, then the change in volume of the particles can be minimized.[81][82] Another proposed solution is to mix different cathode materials which have opposite expansion trends in the proper ratio such that the net volume change of the cathode is zero.[78] For instance, LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2 (NMC) are two well-known cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. LCO has been shown to undergo volume expansion when discharged while NMC has been shown to undergo volume contraction when discharged. Thus, a composite cathode of LCO and NMC at the correct ratio could undergo minimal volume change under discharge as the contraction of NMC is compensated by the expansion of LCO.
Anode
Ideally a solid-state battery would use a pure lithium metal anode due to its high energy capacity. However, lithium undergoes a large increase of volume during charge at around 5 µm per 1 mAh/cm2 of plated Li.[77] This expansion leads to an increase in cell pressure which can result in shorting of the cell due to the creep of the lithium metal over time into surface cracks at the anode/electrolyte interface.[83] Lithium metal has a relatively low melting point of 453K and a low activation energy for self-diffusion of 50 kJ/mol, indicating its high propensity to significantly creep at room temperature.[84][85] It has been shown that at room temperature lithium undergoes power-law creep where the temperature is high enough relative to the melting point that dislocations in the metal can climb out of their glide plane to avoid obstacles. The creep stress under power-law creep is given by:
{\displaystyle \sigma _{creep}=\left({\frac {\dot {\varepsilon }}{A_{c}}}\right)^{1/m}\exp {\left({\frac {Q_{c}}{mRT}}\right)}}{\displaystyle \sigma _{creep}=\left({\frac {\dot {\varepsilon }}{A_{c}}}\right)^{1/m}\exp {\left({\frac {Q_{c}}{mRT}}\right)}}
Where {\displaystyle R}R is the gas constant, {\displaystyle T}T is temperature, {\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}}{\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}} is the uniaxial strain rate, {\displaystyle \sigma _{creep}}{\displaystyle \sigma _{creep}} is the creep stress, and for lithium metal {\displaystyle m=6.6}{\displaystyle m=6.6}, {\displaystyle Q_{c}=37\,\mathrm {kJ} \cdot \mathrm {mol} ^{-1}}{\displaystyle Q_{c}=37\,\mathrm {kJ} \cdot \mathrm {mol} ^{-1}}, {\displaystyle A_{c}^{-1/m}=3\times 10^{5}\,\mathrm {Pa} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-1}}{\displaystyle A_{c}^{-1/m}=3\times 10^{5}\,\mathrm {Pa} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-1}}.[84] Additionally, at lower temperatures below 248 K and at faster-strain rates, lithium metal has been shown to strain harden, indicating a transition from creep-dominated behavior to glide-dominated behavior.[84]
For lithium metal to be used as an anode, great care must be taken to minimize the cell pressure to relatively low values on the order of its yield stress of 0.8 MPa.[86] The normal operating cell pressure for lithium metal anode is anywhere from 1-7 MPa. Some possible strategies to minimize stress on the lithium metal are to use cells with springs of a chosen spring constant or controlled pressurization of the entire cell.[77] Another strategy may be to sacrifice some energy capacity and use a lithium metal alloy anode which typically has a higher melting temperature than pure lithium metal, resulting in a lower propensity to creep.[87][88][89] While these alloys do expand quite a bit when lithiated, often to a greater degree than lithium metal, they also possess improved mechanical properties allowing them to operate at pressures around 50 MPa.[90][91] This higher cell pressure also has the added benefit of possibly mitigating void formation in the cathode.[77]
Advantages
Solid-state battery technology is believed to deliver higher energy densities (2.5x).[92]
They may avoid the use of dangerous or toxic materials found in commercial batteries, such as organic electrolytes.[93]
Because most liquid electrolytes are flammable and solid electrolytes are nonflammable, solid-state batteries are believed to have lower risk of catching fire. Fewer safety systems are needed, further increasing energy density at the module or cell pack level.[1][93] Recent studies show that heat generation inside is only ~20-30% of conventional batteries with liquid electrolyte under thermal runaway.[94]
Solid-state battery technology is believed to allow for faster charging.[95][96] Higher voltage and longer cycle life are also possible.[93][62]
Thin film solid state batteries
Background
The earliest thin film solid state batteries is found by Keiichi Kanehori in 1986,[97] which is based on the Li electrolyte. However, at that time, the technology was insufficient to power larger electronic devices so it was not fully developed. During recent years, there has been much research in the field. Garbayo demonstrated that “polyamorphism” exists besides crystalline states for thin film Li-garnet solid state batteries in 2018,[98] Moran demonstrated that ample can manufacture ceramic films with the desired size range of 1–20?µm in 2021.[99]
Structure
Anode materials: Li is favored because of its storage properties, alloys of Al, Si and Sn are also suitable as anodes.
Cathode materials: require having light weight, good cyclical capacity and high energy density. Usually include LiCoO2, LiFePO4, TiS2, V2O5and LiMnO2.[100]
Preparation techniques
Some methods are listed below.[101]
Physical methods:
Magnetron sputtering (MS) is one of the most widely used processes for thin film manufacturing, which is based on physical vapor deposition.[102]
Ion-beam deposition (IBD) is similar to the first method, however, bias is not applied and plasma doesn't occur between the target and the substrate in this process.[citation needed]
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD), laser used in this method has a high power pulses up to about 108 W cm-2.[citation needed]
Vacuum evaporation (VE) is a method to prepare alpha-Si thin films. During this process, Si evaporates and deposits on a metallic substrate.[103]
Chemical methods:
Electrodeposition (ED) is for manufacturing Si films, which is convenient and economically viable technique.[104]
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a deposition technique allowing to make thin films with a high quality and purity.[105]
Glow discharge plasma deposition (GDPD) is a mixed physicochemical process. In this process, synthesis temperature has been increased to decrease the extra hydrogen content in the films.[106]
Development of thin film system
Lithium-Oxygen and Nitrogen based polymer thin film electrolytes has got fully used in solid state batteries.
Non-Li based thin film solid state batteries have been studied, such as Ag-doped germanium chalcogenide thin film solid state electrolyte system.[107] Barium-doped thin film system has also been studied, which thickness can be 2µm at least.[108] In addition, Ni can also be a component in thin film.[109]
There are also other methods to fabricate the electrolytes for thin film solid state batteries, which are 1.electrostatic-spray deposition technique, 2. DSM-Soulfill process and 3. Using MoO3 nanobelts to improve the performance of lithium based thin film solid state batteries.[110]
Advantages
Compared with other batteries, the thin film batteries have both high gravimetric energy density and volumetric energy density. These are important indicators to measure battery performance of energy stored.[111]
In addition to high energy density, thin-film solid-state batteries have long lifetime, outstanding flexibility and low weight. These properties make thin film solid state batteries get widely used in various fields such as low carbon vehicles, military facilities and medical devices.
Challenges
Its performance and efficiency are constrained by the nature of its geometry. The current drawn from a thin film battery largely depends on the geometry and interface contacts of the electrolyte/cathode and the electrolyte/anode interfaces
Low thickness of the electrolyte and the interfacial resistance at the electrode and electrolyte interface affect the output and integration of thin film systems.
During the charging-discharging process, considerable change of volumetric makes the loss of material.[111]
See also
Solid-state electrolyte
Divalent
Fast ion conductor
Ionic conductivity
Ionic crystal
John B. Goodenough
List of battery types
Lithium–air battery
Lithium iron phosphate battery
Separator (electricity)
Supercapacitor
Thin film lithium-ion battery
References
Reisch, Marc S. (20 November 2017). "Solid-state batteries inch their way to market". C&EN Global Enterprise. 95 (46): 19–21. doi:10.1021/cen-09546-bus.
Vandervell, Andy (26 September 2017). "What is a solid-state battery? The benefits explained". Wired UK. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Ping, Weiwei; Yang, Chunpeng; Bao, Yinhua; Wang, Chengwei; Xie, Hua; Hitz, Emily; Cheng, Jian; Li, Teng; Hu, Liangbing (September 2019). "A silicon anode for garnet-based all-solid-state batteries: Interfaces and nanomechanics". Energy Storage Materials. 21: 246–252. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.024. S2CID 198825492.
Weppner, Werner (September 2003). "Engineering of solid state ionic devices". International Journal of Ionics. 9 (5–6): 444–464. doi:10.1007/BF02376599. S2CID 108702066. Solid state ionic devices such as high performance batteries...
Funke K (August 2013). "Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy-the European dimension". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 14 (4): 043502. Bibcode:2013STAdM..14d3502F. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/14/4/043502. PMC 5090311. PMID 27877585.
Lee, Sehee (2012). "Solid State Cell Chemistries and Designs" (PDF). ARPA-E. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Owens, Boone B.; Munshi, M. Z. A. (January 1987). "History of Solid State Batteries" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Corrosion Research Center, University of Minnesota. Bibcode:1987umn..rept.....O. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jones, Kevin S.; Rudawski, Nicholas G.; Oladeji, Isaiah; Pitts, Roland; Fox, Richard. "The state of solid-state batteries" (PDF). American Ceramic Society Bulletin. 91 (2).
Greimel, Hans (27 January 2014). "Toyota preps solid-state batteries for '20s". Automotive News. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
"Solid-state battery developed at CU-Boulder could double the range of electric cars". University of Colorado Boulder. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
"Lithium-Ion Battery Inventor Introduces New Technology for Fast-Charging, Noncombustible Batteries". University of Texas at Austin. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Buckland, Kevin; Sagiike, Hideki (13 December 2017). "Toyota Deepens Panasonic Battery Ties in Electric-Car Rush". Bloomberg Technology. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Baker, David R (3 April 2019). "Why lithium-ion technology is poised to dominate the energy storage future". www.renewableenergyworld.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
"Solid Power, BMW partner to develop next-generation EV batteries". Reuters. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Krok, Andrew (21 December 2017). "Honda hops on solid-state battery bandwagon". Roadshow by CNET. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Lambert, Fred (6 April 2017). "Hyundai reportedly started pilot production of next-gen solid-state batteries for electric vehicles". Electrek. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
"Honda and Nissan said to be developing next-generation solid-state batteries for electric vehicles". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Tajitsu, Naomi (21 December 2017). "Bracing for EV shift, NGK Spark Plug ignites all solid-state battery quest". Reuters. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Danish, Paul (2018-09-12). "Straight out of CU (and Louisville): A battery that could change the world". Boulder Weekly. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
"Solid Power raises $20 million to build all-solid-state batteries — Quartz". qz.com. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
"Samsung Venture, Hyundai Investing in Battery Producer". Bloomberg.com. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
"Volkswagen becomes latest automaker to invest in solid-state batteries for electric cars". 22 Jun 2018.
Wayland, Michael (2020-09-03). "Bill Gates-backed vehicle battery supplier to go public through SPAC deal". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
Manchester, Bette (30 November 2020). "QuantumScape successfully goes public". electrive.com.
Lambert, Fred (20 November 2018). "China starts solid-state battery production, pushing energy density higher". Electrek.
Fukutomi, Shuntaro. "Murata to mass-produce all-solid-state batteries in fall". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
"Murata develops solid state battery for wearables applications". 29 July 2021.
"Category: 18650/20700/21700 Rechargeable batteries". 29 July 2021.
Pranshu Verma (18 May 2022). "Inside the race for a car battery that charges fast — and won't catch fire". The Washington Post.
"Toyota Outlines Solid-State Battery Tech". 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Taiwan battery maker ProLogium signs investment deal with Mercedes-Benz". Reuters. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
"5 Exciting Drone Stocks Ready to Take Flight? ALPP, UAVS, DPRO, AVAV, RCAT". Nov 2022.
"Svolt Energy develops solid-state battery cells that will allow vehicles to reach over 1,000 km range". July 19, 2022.
Chandler, David L. (12 July 2017). "Study suggests route to improving rechargeable lithium batteries". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Researchers have tried to get around these problems by using an electrolyte made out of solid materials, such as some ceramics.
Chandler, David L. (2 February 2017). "Toward all-solid lithium batteries". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Researchers investigate mechanics of lithium sulfides, which show promise as solid electrolytes.
Wang, Yuchen; Akin, Mert; Qiao, Xiaoyao; Yan, Zhiwei; Zhou, Xiangyang (September 2021). "Greatly enhanced energy density of all-solid-state rechargeable battery operating in high humidity environments". International Journal of Energy Research. 45 (11): 16794–16805. doi:10.1002/er.6928. S2CID 236256757.
Akin, Mert; Wang, Yuchen; Qiao, Xiaoyao; Yan, Zhiwei; Zhou, Xiangyang (September 2020). "Effect of relative humidity on the reaction kinetics in rubidium silver iodide based all-solid-state battery". Electrochimica Acta. 355: 136779. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136779. S2CID 225553692.
Chen, Rusong; Nolan, Adelaide M.; Lu, Jiaze; Wang, Junyang; Yu, Xiqian; Mo, Yifei; Chen, Liquan; Huang, Xuejie; Li, Hong (April 2020). "The Thermal Stability of Lithium Solid Electrolytes with Metallic Lithium". Joule. 4 (4): 812–821. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.012. S2CID 218672049.
Wang, Kai; Ren, Qingyong; Gu, Zhenqi; Duan, Chaomin; Wang, Jinzhu; Zhu, Feng; Fu, Yuanyuan; Hao, Jipeng; Zhu, Jinfeng; He, Lunhua; Wang, Chin-Wei; Lu, Yingying; Ma, Jie; Ma, Cheng (December 2021). "A cost-effective and humidity-tolerant chloride solid electrolyte for lithium batteries". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4410. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4410W. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24697-2. PMC 8292426. PMID 34285207.
Li, Xiaona; Liang, Jianwen; Luo, Jing; Norouzi Banis, Mohammad; Wang, Changhong; Li, Weihan; Deng, Sixu; Yu, Chuang; Zhao, Feipeng; Hu, Yongfeng; Sham, Tsun-Kong; Zhang, Li; Zhao, Shangqian; Lu, Shigang; Huang, Huan; Li, Ruying; Adair, Keegan R.; Sun, Xueliang (2019). "Air-stable Li 3 InCl 6 electrolyte with high voltage compatibility for all-solid-state batteries". Energy & Environmental Science. 12 (9): 2665–2671. doi:10.1039/C9EE02311A. S2CID 202881108.
Schlem, Roman; Muy, Sokseiha; Prinz, Nils; Banik, Ananya; Shao-Horn, Yang; Zobel, Mirijam; Zeier, Wolfgang G. (February 2020). "Mechanochemical Synthesis: A Tool to Tune Cation Site Disorder and Ionic Transport Properties of Li 3 MCl 6 (M = Y, Er) Superionic Conductors". Advanced Energy Materials. 10 (6): 1903719. doi:10.1002/aenm.201903719. S2CID 213539629.
Zhou, Laidong; Kwok, Chun Yuen; Shyamsunder, Abhinandan; Zhang, Qiang; Wu, Xiaohan; Nazar, Linda F. (2020). "A new halospinel superionic conductor for high-voltage all solid state lithium batteries". Energy & Environmental Science. 13 (7): 2056–2063. doi:10.1039/D0EE01017K. OSTI 1657953. S2CID 225614485.
Takada, Kazunori (February 2013). "Progress and prospective of solid-state lithium batteries". Acta Materialia. 61 (3): 759–770. Bibcode:2013AcMat..61..759T. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.034.
Gong, Yunhui; Fu, Kun; Xu, Shaomao; Dai, Jiaqi; Hamann, Tanner R.; Zhang, Lei; Hitz, Gregory T.; Fu, Zhezhen; Ma, Zhaohui; McOwen, Dennis W.; Han, Xiaogang; Hu, Liangbing; Wachsman, Eric D. (July 2018). "Lithium-ion conductive ceramic textile: A new architecture for flexible solid-state lithium metal batteries". Materials Today. 21 (6): 594–601. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2018.01.001. OSTI 1538573. S2CID 139149288.
Damen, L.; Hassoun, J.; Mastragostino, M.; Scrosati, B. (October 2010). "Solid-state, rechargeable Li/LiFePO4 polymer battery for electric vehicle application". Journal of Power Sources. 195 (19): 6902–6904. Bibcode:2010JPS...195.6902D. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.03.089.
Tan, Darren H. S.; Chen, Yu-Ting; Yang, Hedi; Bao, Wurigumula; Sreenarayanan, Bhagath; Doux, Jean-Marie; Li, Weikang; Lu, Bingyu; Ham, So-Yeon; Sayahpour, Baharak; Scharf, Jonathan; Wu, Erik A.; Deysher, Grayson; Han, Hyea Eun; Hah, Hoe Jin; Jeong, Hyeri; Lee, Jeong Beom; Chen, Zheng; Meng, Ying Shirley (24 September 2021). "Carbon-free high-loading silicon anodes enabled by sulfide solid electrolytes". Science. 373 (6562): 1494–1499. Bibcode:2021Sci...373.1494T. doi:10.1126/science.abg7217. PMID 34554780. S2CID 232147704.
Tanibata, Naoto; Takimoto, Shuta; Nakano, Koki; Takeda, Hayami; Nakayama, Masanobu; Sumi, Hirofumi (2020-08-03). "Metastable Chloride Solid Electrolyte with High Formability for Rechargeable All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries". ACS Materials Letters. 2 (8): 880–886. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00127. ISSN 2639-4979.
Zhou, Laidong; Zuo, Tong-Tong; Kwok, Chun Yuen; Kim, Se Young; Assoud, Abdeljalil; Zhang, Qiang; Janek, Jürgen; Nazar, Linda F. (January 2022). "High areal capacity, long cycle life 4 V ceramic all-solid-state Li-ion batteries enabled by chloride solid electrolytes". Nature Energy. 7 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00952-0. ISSN 2058-7546.
Wang, Kai; Ren, Qingyong; Gu, Zhenqi; Duan, Chaomin; Wang, Jinzhu; Zhu, Feng; Fu, Yuanyuan; Hao, Jipeng; Zhu, Jinfeng; He, Lunhua; Wang, Chin-Wei; Lu, Yingying; Ma, Jie; Ma, Cheng (2021-07-20). "A cost-effective and humidity-tolerant chloride solid electrolyte for lithium batteries". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4410. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24697-2. ISSN 2041-1723.
Carlon, Kris (24 October 2016). "The battery technology that could put an end to battery fires". Android Authority. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
"Will solid-state batteries power us all?". The Economist. 16 October 2017.
"Batteries for Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles". Alternative Fuels Data Center. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
"Energy Storage". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 7 January 2018. Many automakers have adopted lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries as the preferred EDV energy storage option, capable of delivering the required energy and power density in a relatively small, lightweight package.
"Toyota Is Road Testing a Prototype Solid State Battery EV". The Drive. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
"Toward Carbon Neutrality: Toyota's Battery Development and Supply" (PDF). Toyota. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
"Using solid-state batteries starting with HEVs". ToyotaTimes. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
"All-solid-state battery technology". Honda. August 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
Henry Brown (4 May 2021). "Murata will soon start mass production of solid-state batteries". gadget tendency. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Scooter Doll (4 March 2021). "Japanese company unveils high capacity solid-state battery". electrek. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
"All-solid-state Lithium-ion Batteries". Hitachi Zosen Corporation. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
"Solid State Batteries have arrived!". 5 November 2022.
Jones, Kevin S. "State of Solid-State Batteries" (PDF). Retrieved 7 January 2018.
"New hybrid electrolyte for solid-state lithium batteries". 21 December 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
""???"??????????? ??????????????????????????" [Achieved in developing "Flexible solid" state battery: Large capacity by new material]. Kyoto University (in Japanese). 7 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
Lou, Shuaifeng; Yu, Zhenjiang; Liu, Qingsong; Wang, Han; Chen, Ming; Wang, Jiajun (September 2020). "Multi-scale Imaging of Solid-State Battery Interfaces: From Atomic Scale to Macroscopic Scale". Chem. 6 (9): 2199–2218. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.030. S2CID 225406505.
Richards, William D.; Miara, Lincoln J.; Wang, Yan; Kim, Jae Chul; Ceder, Gerbrand (12 January 2016). "Interface Stability in Solid-State Batteries". Chemistry of Materials. 28 (1): 266–273. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04082.
Wood, Kevin N.; Kazyak, Eric; Chadwick, Alexander F.; Chen, Kuan-Hung; Zhang, Ji-Guang; Thornton, Katsuyo; Dasgupta, Neil P. (2016-10-14). "Dendrites and Pits: Untangling the Complex Behavior of Lithium Metal Anodes through Operando Video Microscopy". ACS Central Science. 2 (11): 790–801. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.6b00260. PMC 5126712. PMID 27924307.
Wang, Xu; Zeng, Wei; Hong, Liang; Xu, Wenwen; Yang, Haokai; Wang, Fan; Duan, Huigao; Tang, Ming; Jiang, Hanqing (March 2018). "Stress-driven lithium dendrite growth mechanism and dendrite mitigation by electroplating on soft substrates". Nature Energy. 3 (3): 227–235. Bibcode:2018NatEn...3..227W. doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0104-5. S2CID 139981784.
Cheng, Xin-Bing; Zhang (17 November 2015). "A Review of Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Lithium Metal Anode". Advanced Science. 3 (3): 1500213. doi:10.1002/advs.201500213. PMC 5063117. PMID 27774393.
Zhang, Ji-Guang; Xu, Wu; Henderson, Wesley A. (2017). "Application of Lithium Metal Anodes". Lithium Metal Anodes and Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries. Springer Series in Materials Science. Vol. 249. pp. 153–188. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44054-5_4. ISBN 978-3-319-44053-8.
Harry, Katherine Joann (1 May 2016). Lithium dendrite growth through solid polymer electrolyte membranes (Thesis). doi:10.2172/1481923.
Monroe, Charles; Newman, John (2003). "Dendrite Growth in Lithium/Polymer Systems". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 150 (10): A1377. Bibcode:2003JElS..150A1377M. doi:10.1149/1.1606686.
Golozar, Maryam; Hovington, Pierre; Paolella, Andrea; Bessette, Stéphanie; Lagacé, Marin; Bouchard, Patrick; Demers, Hendrix; Gauvin, Raynald; Zaghib, Karim (12 December 2018). "In Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy Detection of Carbide Nature of Dendrites in Li–Polymer Batteries". Nano Letters. 18 (12): 7583–7589. Bibcode:2018NanoL..18.7583G. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03148. PMID 30462516. S2CID 53717262.
Bai, Peng; Guo, Jinzhao; Wang, Miao; Kushima, Akihiro; Su, Liang; Li, Ju; Brushett, Fikile R.; Bazant, Martin Z. (November 2018). "Interactions between Lithium Growths and Nanoporous Ceramic Separators". Joule. 2 (11): 2434–2449. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.018.
Chandler, David L. (November 18, 2022). "Engineers solve a mystery on the path to smaller, lighter batteries". MIT News. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
D. Fincher, Cole; Athanasiou, Christos E.; Gilgenbach, Colin; Wang, Michael; Sheldon, Brian W.; Carter, W. Craig; Chiang, Yet-Ming (November 2022). "Controlling dendrite propagation in solid-state batteries with engineered stress". Joule. 6 (11): 2542–4351. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.10.011.
Deysher, Grayson; Ridley, Phillip; Ham, So-Yeon; Doux, Jean-Marie; Chen, Yu-Ting; Wu, Erik A.; Tan, Darren H. S.; Cronk, Ashley; Jang, Jihyun; Meng, Ying Shirley (2022-05-01). "Transport and mechanical aspects of all-solid-state lithium batteries". Materials Today Physics. 24: 100679. doi:10.1016/j.mtphys.2022.100679. ISSN 2542-5293. S2CID 247971631.
Koerver, Raimund; Zhang, Wenbo; de Biasi, Lea; Schweidler, Simon; Kondrakov, Aleksandr O.; Kolling, Stefan; Brezesinski, Torsten; Hartmann, Pascal; Zeier, Wolfgang G.; Janek, Jürgen (2018). "Chemo-mechanical expansion of lithium electrode materials – on the route to mechanically optimized all-solid-state batteries". Energy & Environmental Science. 11 (8): 2142–2158. doi:10.1039/C8EE00907D. ISSN 1754-5692.
Koerver, Raimund; Aygün, Isabel; Leichtweiß, Thomas; Dietrich, Christian; Zhang, Wenbo; Binder, Jan O.; Hartmann, Pascal; Zeier, Wolfgang G.; Janek, Jürgen (2017-07-11). "Capacity Fade in Solid-State Batteries: Interphase Formation and Chemomechanical Processes in Nickel-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes and Lithium Thiophosphate Solid Electrolytes". Chemistry of Materials. 29 (13): 5574–5582. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00931. ISSN 0897-4756.
Shi, Tan; Zhang, Ya-Qian; Tu, Qingsong; Wang, Yuhao; Scott, M. C.; Ceder, Gerbrand (2020). "Characterization of mechanical degradation in an all-solid-state battery cathode". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 8 (34): 17399–17404. doi:10.1039/D0TA06985J. ISSN 2050-7488. S2CID 225222096.
Zhou, Yong-Ning; Ma, Jun; Hu, Enyuan; Yu, Xiqian; Gu, Lin; Nam, Kyung-Wan; Chen, Liquan; Wang, Zhaoxiang; Yang, Xiao-Qing (2014-11-18). "Tuning charge–discharge induced unit cell breathing in layer-structured cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5381. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5381Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms6381. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25451540.
Kim, Un-Hyuck; Ryu, Hoon-Hee; Kim, Jae-Hyung; Mücke, Robert; Kaghazchi, Payam; Yoon, Chong S.; Sun, Yang-Kook (April 2019). "Microstructure-Controlled Ni-Rich Cathode Material by Microscale Compositional Partition for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles". Advanced Energy Materials. 9 (15): 1803902. doi:10.1002/aenm.201803902. ISSN 1614-6832. S2CID 104475168.
Doux, Jean-Marie; Nguyen, Han; Tan, Darren H. S.; Banerjee, Abhik; Wang, Xuefeng; Wu, Erik A.; Jo, Chiho; Yang, Hedi; Meng, Ying Shirley (January 2020). "Stack Pressure Considerations for Room-Temperature All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries". Advanced Energy Materials. 10 (1): 1903253. doi:10.1002/aenm.201903253. ISSN 1614-6832. S2CID 203838056.
LePage, William S.; Chen, Yuxin; Kazyak, Eric; Chen, Kuan-Hung; Sanchez, Adrian J.; Poli, Andrea; Arruda, Ellen M.; Thouless, M. D.; Dasgupta, Neil P. (2019). "Lithium Mechanics: Roles of Strain Rate and Temperature and Implications for Lithium Metal Batteries". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 166 (2): A89–A97. Bibcode:2019JElS..166A..89L. doi:10.1149/2.0221902jes. ISSN 0013-4651. S2CID 104319914.
Messer, R.; Noack, F. (1975-02-01). "Nuclear magnetic relaxation by self-diffusion in solid lithium:T1-frequency dependence". Applied Physics. 6 (1): 79–88. Bibcode:1975ApPhy...6...79M. doi:10.1007/BF00883553. ISSN 1432-0630. S2CID 94108174.
Masias, Alvaro; Felten, Nando; Garcia-Mendez, Regina; Wolfenstine, Jeff; Sakamoto, Jeff (February 2019). "Elastic, plastic, and creep mechanical properties of lithium metal". Journal of Materials Science. 54 (3): 2585–2600. Bibcode:2019JMatS..54.2585M. doi:10.1007/s10853-018-2971-3. ISSN 0022-2461. S2CID 139507295.
Okamoto, H. (February 2009). "Li-Si (Lithium-Silicon)". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 30 (1): 118–119. doi:10.1007/s11669-008-9431-8. ISSN 1547-7037. S2CID 96833267.
Predel, B. (1997), Madelung, O. (ed.), "Li-Sb (Lithium-Antimony)", Li-Mg – Nd-Zr, Landolt-Börnstein - Group IV Physical Chemistry, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, vol. H, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/10522884_1924, ISBN 978-3-540-61433-3, retrieved 2022-05-19
Sherby, Oleg D.; Burke, Peter M. (January 1968). "Mechanical behavior of crystalline solids at elevated temperature". Progress in Materials Science. 13: 323–390. doi:10.1016/0079-6425(68)90024-8.
Tan, Darren H. S.; Chen, Yu-Ting; Yang, Hedi; Bao, Wurigumula; Sreenarayanan, Bhagath; Doux, Jean-Marie; Li, Weikang; Lu, Bingyu; Ham, So-Yeon; Sayahpour, Baharak; Scharf, Jonathan (2021-09-24). "Carbon-free high-loading silicon anodes enabled by sulfide solid electrolytes". Science. 373 (6562): 1494–1499. Bibcode:2021Sci...373.1494T. doi:10.1126/science.abg7217. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34554780. S2CID 232147704.
Luo, Shuting; Wang, Zhenyu; Li, Xuelei; Liu, Xinyu; Wang, Haidong; Ma, Weigang; Zhang, Lianqi; Zhu, Lingyun; Zhang, Xing (December 2021). "Growth of lithium-indium dendrites in all-solid-state lithium-based batteries with sulfide electrolytes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6968. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.6968L. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27311-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8630065. PMID 34845223.
Dudney, Nancy J; West, William C; Nanda, Jagjit, eds. (2015). Handbook of Solid State Batteries. Materials and Energy. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. doi:10.1142/9487. hdl:10023/9281. ISBN 978-981-4651-89-9.
Bullis, Kevin (19 April 2011). "Solid-State Batteries - High-energy cells for cheaper electric cars". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Inoue, Takao; Mukai, Kazuhiko (18 January 2017). "Are All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries Really Safe?–Verification by Differential Scanning Calorimetry with an All-Inclusive Microcell". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 9 (2): 1507–1515. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b13224. PMID 28001045.
Eisenstein, Paul A. (1 January 2018). "From cellphones to cars, these batteries could cut the cord forever". NBC News. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Limer, Eric (25 July 2017). "Toyota Working on Electric Cars That Charge in Minutes for 2022". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Kanehori, K; Ito, Y; Kirino, F; Miyauchi, K; Kudo, T (January 1986). "Titanium disulfide films fabricated by plasma CVD". Solid State Ionics. 18–19: 818–822. doi:10.1016/0167-2738(86)90269-9.
Garbayo, Iñigo; Struzik, Michal; Bowman, William J.; Pfenninger, Reto; Stilp, Evelyn; Rupp, Jennifer L. M. (April 2018). "Glass-Type Polyamorphism in Li-Garnet Thin Film Solid State Battery Conductors". Advanced Energy Materials. 8 (12): 1702265. doi:10.1002/aenm.201702265. S2CID 103286218.
Balaish, Moran; Gonzalez-Rosillo, Juan Carlos; Kim, Kun Joong; Zhu, Yuntong; Hood, Zachary D.; Rupp, Jennifer L. M. (March 2021). "Processing thin but robust electrolytes for solid-state batteries". Nature Energy. 6 (3): 227–239. Bibcode:2021NatEn...6..227B. doi:10.1038/s41560-020-00759-5. S2CID 231886762.
Kim, Joo Gon; Son, Byungrak; Mukherjee, Santanu; Schuppert, Nicholas; Bates, Alex; Kwon, Osung; Choi, Moon Jong; Chung, Hyun Yeol; Park, Sam (May 2015). "A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries". Journal of Power Sources. 282: 299–322. Bibcode:2015JPS...282..299K. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.054.
Mukanova, Aliya; Jetybayeva, Albina; Myung, Seung-Taek; Kim, Sung-Soo; Bakenov, Zhumabay (September 2018). "A mini-review on the development of Si-based thin film anodes for Li-ion batteries". Materials Today Energy. 9: 49–66. doi:10.1016/j.mtener.2018.05.004. S2CID 103894996.
Swann, S (March 1988). "Magnetron sputtering". Physics in Technology. 19 (2): 67–75. Bibcode:1988PhTec..19...67S. doi:10.1088/0305-4624/19/2/304.
Ohara, Shigeki; Suzuki, Junji; Sekine, Kyoichi; Takamura, Tsutomu (1 June 2003). "Li insertion/extraction reaction at a Si film evaporated on a Ni foil". Journal of Power Sources. 119–121: 591–596. Bibcode:2003JPS...119..591O. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00301-X.
Dogan, Fulya; Sanjeewa, Liurukara D.; Hwu, Shiou-Jyh; Vaughey, J.T. (May 2016). "Electrodeposited copper foams as substrates for thin film silicon electrodes". Solid State Ionics. 288: 204–206. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2016.02.001.
Mukanova, A.; Tussupbayev, R.; Sabitov, A.; Bondarenko, I.; Nemkaeva, R.; Aldamzharov, B.; Bakenov, Zh. (1 January 2017). "CVD graphene growth on a surface of liquid gallium". Materials Today: Proceedings. 4 (3, Part A): 4548–4554. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2017.04.028.
Kulova, T. L.; Pleskov, Yu. V.; Skundin, A. M.; Terukov, E. I.; Kon’kov, O. I. (1 July 2006). "Lithium intercalation into amorphous-silicon thin films: An electrochemical-impedance study". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 42 (7): 708–714. doi:10.1134/S1023193506070032. S2CID 93569567.
Kozicki, M. N.; Mitkova, M.; Aberouette, J. P. (1 July 2003). "Nanostructure of solid electrolytes and surface electrodeposits". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 19 (1): 161–166. Bibcode:2003PhyE...19..161K. doi:10.1016/S1386-9477(03)00313-8.
"RF sputtering deposition of BCZY proton conducting electrolytes" (PDF).
Xia, H.; Meng, Y. S.; Lai, M. O.; Lu, L. (2010). "Structural and Electrochemical Properties of LiNi[sub 0.5]Mn[sub 0.5]O[sub 2] Thin-Film Electrodes Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 157 (3): A348. doi:10.1149/1.3294719.
Mai, L. Q.; Hu, B.; Chen, W.; Qi, Y. Y.; Lao, C. S.; Yang, R. S.; Dai, Y.; Wang, Z. L. (2007). "Lithiated MoO3 Nanobelts with Greatly Improved Performance for Lithium Batteries". Advanced Materials. 19 (21): 3712–3716. doi:10.1002/adma.200700883. S2CID 33290912.
Patil, Arun; Patil, Vaishali; Wook Shin, Dong; Choi, Ji-Won; Paik, Dong-Soo; Yoon, Seok-Jin (4 August 2008). "Issue and challenges facing rechargeable thin film lithium batteries". Materials Research Bulletin. 43 (8): 1913–1942. doi:10.1016/j.materre
$TORVF[/color]
12/02/22 2:13 PM
