NWBO can tell you: "Both of these endpoints were confounded: the PFS endpoint by pseudo-progression, and the OS endpoint by the “crossover” provision in the trial design, which allowed all of the patients in the trial to cross over to DCVax-L treatment after tumor recurrence (while remaining blinded as to which treatment they received before tumor recurrence). "
The crossover gives a patient a second dose of DCVax-L.
"Confounding factors may mask an actual association or, more commonly, falsely demonstrate an apparent association between the treatment and outcome when no real association between them exists."
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