In a mouse model of acute viral hepatitis, the absence of PD-1 is associated not only with more rapid virus clearance but also with more severe hepatitis (Iwai et al., 2003). These results imply that the stimulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis during the acute phase of virus infection helps to adjust the strength and quality of the cytotoxic CD8+ T cell attack so that the good (virus elimination) and the bad (tissue damage) is balanced, preventing excessive tissue damage.