NorthWest Biotherapeutics Inc (NWBO)

[Reefrad]

this is also the whole rational for the current TNM staging system. all cancers are staged M1 -> stage 4 once distant metastases are present. note that it does not matter if there is 1 or 1000 distant mets. the staging is the same. the reason is because the prognostics do not depend on the number of mets. again, the explanation is that even if the CT or MRI or PET only show a few mets, there are many more that remain too small to detect. Also note that stage 4 cancer is NOT treated with locoregional therapy. surgery is not performed. this is because it does not change outcome.

for this reason the immune approach is supposed to be a systemic approach, to enhance or even replace chemotherapy in advanced stages. DIrect -> unresectable cancer (advanced stage).