In Japan, I think the underwater investments were mostly commericial real estate. Today it is oversized personal residences / vacation homes across the country and literally half of California. I don't think you can compare the response from the corporate philosophy in US today vs that of the large corporations of Japan in the 1980's. Corporations today are going to slash and burn the US staff and sent any or all jobs overseas. Japan kept as many on the books because of limited social security netwrok in Japan.