a2-73 dose dependent restored pakt and BDNF levels in the hippocampus
BDNF promotes activation of astrocytes and microglia Astrocytes throughout the central nervous system (CNS) have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties, and these characteristics depend on contextual and environmental factors.28,29 For example, reactivity responses associated with ischemia (stroke), traumatic injury, or neurodegenerative disease show variation at different stages of the same disorder and among astrocyte cohorts derived from different CNS regions.28,30–32 In vivo studies performed specifically in the ON and ONH under glaucomatous conditions are consistent with the CNS paradigm of disorder and context-specific astrocytic stress responses.33–37 In addition, in vitro studies of astrocyte-neuronal cocultures indicate that astrocytes derived from the brain frontal cortex region can robustly protect RGCs from apoptosis, but that astrocytes derived from the optic nerve region may only weakly promote RGC survival.38,39 However, few studies have examined RGC–ONHA interactions in controlled, ex vivo environments.
Here, we report use of an in vitro, indirect coculture system of primary RGCs and primary ONHAs. We observe a clear increase in viability when RGCs are cocultured with adult, murine-derived ONHAs. Using the ONHA–RGC coculture system, we evaluate the extent to which lack of S1R in ONHAs alters RGC neurite growth and survival compared with WT ONHAs. We find that, compared with WT-derived ONHAs, S1R knockout (KO)-derived ONHAs are significantly less protective of WT RGCs in coculture. These results suggest that, in vitro, S1R may provide neuroprotection through glia-mediated mechanisms.
rettsyndrome showed blarcamesine immediate impact on positive BDNF Increase,
The fda allows poisons to healthy people
but won’t allow safe effective medicine to death sentences dementia patients..
It’s a crime in this world and the next
