Quite a significant conclusion..."Impact of cannabidiol on cellular innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 genes": May 17 2022
The ongoing coronavirus disease (2019) pandemic, caused by the rapid outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claimed more than 6.2 million lives globally. COVID-19 vaccination has reduced the mortality rate and hospitalizations due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, due to the emergence of new variants of the virus, its effectiveness has decreased. Hence, more effective therapeutics and prophylactics are needed to combat COVID-19.
Background Scientists have observed prominent homology in the genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1. The similarity in the genomes has helped researchers identify proteins and understand their function in disease manifestation. However, the SARS-CoV-2 gene encodes for a novel protein, open reading frame 10 (ORF10), whose function remains largely unknown. Scientists characterized this protein and found that ORF10 is associated with the suppression of innate immunity. Previous studies revealed that ORF contained cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes.
Apart from ORF10, another SARS-CoV-2 gene that is not well understood is ORF8. Several studies have suggested that ORF8 is associated with evasion of host immune responses, initiation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and development of cytokine storm via activation of the interleukin (IL)-17 pathway.
Type I IFN (IFNa and IFNß) are the cytokines produced at the early stage of the infection and are involved in recruiting immunocytes that can inhibit viral replication. Type II IFN (IFN?) activates neutrophils and macrophages, which can suppress virus replication. Type III IFN (IFN?) stimulated genes (ISG) function as a downstream effector to induce apoptosis. These genes belong to the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family. However, activation of this pathway is weak in SARS-CoV-2, in contrast to SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). A previous study has indicated that activation of the OAS-RNase L pathway could be an effective pharmacological strategy to suppress COVID-19 infection.
A New Study A new study published in the journal Life Sciences has focused on examining the effects of ORF8 and ORF10 genes and SARS-CoV-2 Membrane (M) protein on apoptosis. In addition, scientists further investigated the role of the aforementioned genes and SARS-CoV-2 M protein in the expression of IFNs and activation of downstream effectors. Previous studies have shown that ORF8 and ORF10 genes can suppress Type I and III IFN responses.
In this study, the authors have evaluated the expression of these genes alone as well as in combination with cannabidiol (CBD). CBD is a major non-psychotropic phytoconstituent isolated from Cannabis sativa and has been hypothesized as a therapeutic candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Previous studies have revealed that CBD possesses anti-inflammatory properties and can protect cells from metabolic stress associated with a viral infection.
In this study, scientists transfected HEK293 cells with plasmids expressing the control vector, ORF8, ORF10, or M protein, and the markers of apoptosis were determined after 24 hours. Additionally, researchers evaluated IFN and IFN stimulated gene expression after 14 hours, with or without CBD. The authors also studied cells transfected with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) as a general model of RNA viral infection.
Key Findings In the present study, scientists observed a dose-dependent decrease in the number of cells per well when cells transfected with plasmids expressing ORF8, ORF10, or M protein, were treated with CBD. However, similar findings were not observed in the absence of CBD treatment.
The authors reported that the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 genes ORF8, ORF10, and M protein alone could not induce apoptosis. This finding is in line with a previous study that reported induction of apoptosis was absent in nasopharyngeal samples of COVID-19 patients. The current study showed that apoptosis was lacking in the control group (without CBD), in contrast, CBD augmented the induction of both early and late apoptosis in the treated group (with CBD). This finding indicates that CBD can suppress viral infection by promoting the removal of infected cells.
In this study, researchers hypothesized that enhanced induction of IFN and ISG could be the reason for augmented apoptosis in the treated group. This study reported that CBD regulates OAS family gene expression (OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and OASL), which has been regarded as a powerful mediator of virus-related apoptosis. The authors reported that CBD augments the cellular antiviral response to Poly (I:C).
Conclusion The current study demonstrated that CBD enhances the antiviral innate immune response based on three SARS-CoV-2 genes, i.e., ORF 8, ORF 10, and M protein. This study also stated that CBD might prophylactically prime the innate antiviral response of cells to prepare them for a better antiviral response. The authors stated that HEK293 cells alone were not fully able to respond to SARS-CoV-2 genes; however, when primed with CBD, a superior immune response was observed. This finding implies that CBD may prime components of the innate immune system and enhance the preparedness of the cells to fight RNA-type viral infection without activating apoptosis. Therefore, in the future, this compound could be considered a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
"Effect of cannabidiol on apoptosis and cellular interferon and interferon-stimulated gene responses to the SARS-CoV-2 genes ORF8, ORF10 and M protein": 13 May 2022
Abstract Aims To study effects on cellular innate immune responses to ORF8, ORF10, and Membrane protein (M protein) from the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19, in combination with cannabidiol (CBD).
Main methods HEK293 cells transfected with plasmids expressing control vector, ORF8, ORF10, or M protein were assayed for cell number and markers of apoptosis at 24 h, and interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression at 14 h, with or without CBD. Cells transfected with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) were also studied as a general model of RNA-type viral infection.
Key findings Reduced cell number and increased early and late apoptosis were found when expression of viral genes was combined with 1–2 µM CBD treatment, but not in control-transfected cells treated with CBD, or in cells expressing viral genes but treated only with vehicle. In cells expressing viral genes, CBD augmented expression of IFN?, IFN?1 and IFN?2/3, as well as the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family members OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and OASL. CBD also augmented expression of these genes in control cells not expressing viral genes, but without enhancing apoptosis. CBD similarly enhanced the cellular anti-viral response to Poly (I:C).
Significance Our results demonstrate a poor ability of HEK293 cells to respond to SARS-CoV-2 genes alone, but an augmented innate anti-viral response to these genes in the presence of CBD. Thus, CBD may prime components of the innate immune system, increasing readiness to respond to RNA-type viral infection without activating apoptosis, and could be studied for potential in prophylaxis.
