NorthWest Biotherapeutics Inc (NWBO)

[Nick119]

Also, this one is interesting. I didn't know DCVax was approved in Switzerland, did anyone else?

https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/kqgKI?_s=nqYa7edtrsN5jHTgh7vB6oceiSQ%3D#page=38&zoom=100,48,370

"DCs play a central role in linking innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses [266].The principle of dendritic cell vaccines (DCV) is based on the ability of primed DCs to process/present tumor antigens and activate cytotoxic lymphocytes [267]. DCVs are prepared by isolating CD14+ monocytes from patient peripheral blood and further culturing cells ex vivo with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and tumor antigens, prior to injecting the cells back into patients [268]. Although interest in DCV is further compelled by an FDA-approved DCV for the treatment of prostate cancer (Sipuleucel-T), most DCV-based clinical trials in GBM are still under phase I and II evaluations. For example, DCVax, an approved DCV for treatment of GBM in Switzerland, is currently being assessed in the US in patients with newly diagnosed GBM (NCT00045968) [269]. In a recent phase III study, DCVax was used alongside standard options and resulted in the extended survival of patients by 8 months compared to the control cohort [269,270]. Personalized neoantigen vaccine has also recently been tested in GBM clinical trials. For instance, in a Phase I/Ib study in newly diagnosed MGMTunmethylated GBM, patients who did not receive dexamethasone had better neoantigenspecific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses with a higher number of TILs [271]."