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What you need to know about electromobility

https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/discoveries/electromobility/?intc=0020218

The future belongs to electromobility: This technology ensures that eco-friendly, quiet and efficient vehicles will be on our roads. There are still certain challenges to be overcome so that the many advantages of the electronic powerchain can be leveraged. But the breakthrough will come about.
Climate change, oil shortage, air pollution: Mobility has to be CO2-neutral in the future. E-cars and hybrid vehicles emit fewer exhaust gases than cars with combustion engines, if any. Electromobility is therefore an important way of enabling that – as long as the power is obtained from renewable energies. The Boston Consulting Group predicts that electric vehicles will have a market share of up to 50 percent by 2030. But what does switching to electromobility actually mean, and what are its consequences?

What is electromobility?
Electromobility or e-mobility is the use of electric cars, as well as e-bikes or pedelecs, electric motorbikes, e-buses and e-trucks. The common feature of all of them is that they are fully or partly driven electrically, have a means of storing energy on board, and obtain their energy mainly from the power grid. Electric cars are quiet, efficient and low-emission and have mainly been used to date in cities, where they’re ideal for delivery services, taxis and car sharing.
Hybrid vehicles combine two powertrain technologies. They can usually cover shorter distances with their electric drive, but their combustion engine means they can also manage long journeys without any problem. Hybrid cars that not only use the electricity recovered when they taxi or brake, but can also be recharged from the socket, are termed plug-in hybrids. Hybrids are regarded as a bridging technology until a time when cars can be fully powered by electricity.


Why is electromobility so important at present?
Emissions are having a serious impact on the climate and environment: More and more CO2 is entering the atmosphere, with the result that the Earth is becoming warmer and warmer. According to a survey by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), traffic is responsible for 23 percent of all CO2 emissions worldwide. Electric vehicles counter that: Unlike gasoline and diesel cars, they don’t emit any CO2 when driven. Yet: E-cars are CO2-neutral in the full sense of the word only if the batteries and the electricity to power them are produced using renewable energies.
Low-emission cars also mean better air quality and therefore have a positive effect on people’s health – especially in conurbations. And the number of people living in cities will grow: The UNO’s World Urbanization Prospects 2014 report concludes that almost 70 percent of the world’s population will live in urban regions by 2050.
Combustion engines are on the way out because fossil fuels like oil, from which gasoline and diesel are produced, are finite resources. How long these sources will last is a moot point. According to the study “Statistical Review of World Energy 2017”, the world’s currently known oil reserves will last almost 50 years given current levels of consumption. To enable alternative forms of powertrain to become established, many countries offer incentives to buy e-cars – Norway, for example, subsidizes them greatly.

How does an e-car work?
The design of an electric drive
Electrical energy is stored in a rechargeable battery. Devices termed inverters convert the battery’s direct current into alternating current for driving the electric motor. The more efficient conversion is, the longer a car can travel when a battery is fully charged. Finally, an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy: The e-motor obtains this energy to generate magnetic fields. Their attractive and repellent forces produce a rotational motion.
Other core components of an e-car are the DC-DC converter. It converts the battery’s high voltage (100-400 volts or more) efficiently into a far lower voltage (12 or, if applicable, 48 volts) for electronic components.
How is an e-car recharged – and how long does that take?
E-cars have to be charged from the socket to stay mobile. 80 percent of owners recharge them from the socket at home, according to a study by the German Federal Association for eMobility. That takes at least eight hours, depending on the vehicle and battery. However, not every socket is designed to handle large amounts of electricity flowing over a lengthy time. That problem is solved by wall boxes at home, which make recharging almost four times faster. Charging a battery at public alternating current (AC) stations takes just as long, whereas only one hour is needed at direct current (DC) fast charging stations. The reason: The battery in an e-car has to be charged with direct current, but the electricity from the public grid is alternating current. The car’s inverter first has to convert it. That’s why charging at AC stations takes longer than at DC ones. The latter convert the electricity into direct current before charging and pass it on directly to the car’s battery. These fast DC charging stations enable high charging performance, but are rarer at present because they are more expensive. A special cable is required to use both types of charging station. The time needed to charge a car will soon be reduced to 20 minutes or less thanks to efficient technology such as ultra-high-power chargers and improved batteries.

How much electricity does an e-car consume?
An e-car’s consumption is measured in kilowatt hours (kWh) per 100 kilometers. Very small e-cars with a low weight can have a low consumption of less than 7 kWh per 100 kilometers. Other sub-compact and compact cars roughly consume between 11 and 13 kWh per 100 kilometers. Premium brand e-cars can sometimes “guzzle” 18 kWh. Nevertheless, they can travel up to 600 kilometers thanks to their particularly large batteries.

The development of electromobility to the present day
Electromobility is regarded as a modern trend, but to be precise, it’s not an invention of our times. Way back in 1867, and hence before the advent of the combustion engine, Werner von Siemens presented his electric generator based on the dynamo-electric principle at the World’s Fair in Paris. The invention enabled low-cost, flexible generation of electricity wherever it was needed and thus electrification in everyday life, industry – and vehicles.
The first cars with an electric motor were presented at the end of the 19th century. That from the Belgian Camille Jenatzy even set a record in 1899: It was the first road vehicle of any kind to reach a speed of 100 km/h. From the end of the 19th century, trains and trams were supplied with energy by overhead lines or power rails. As figures from the year 1900 show, e-cars were still widespread at the start of the 20th century: 22 percent of vehicles on U.S. roads had a combustion engine, 40 percent were steam-driven, and 38 percent were electrically powered. The combustion engine had a disadvantage back then: Vehicles had to be cranked up at considerable effort to get started. Gasoline drives did not begin to displace other types of powertrain until 1911, when the electric starter was invented.
From then on, e-vehicles were relegated to a niche existence, although they never completely disappeared. In the mid-1990s, a hybrid model came on the market in the shape of the Toyota Prius. In 2008, a Californian Roadster became the first e-car on the road that was suitable for highways and lengthier distances.
Did you know? The first car was an e-car!
How fast can an e-car travel today?
Because they have no transmission, all e-cars accelerate more constantly and faster than ones driven by gasoline or diesel. But what is the top speed they can reach? Smaller e-cars can get up to 120 km/h. Sports cars from the U.S. accelerate up to 200 km/h. The fastest e-car in the world so far is from the Croatian manufacturer Rimac: Its C_Two model “roars” over the road at more than 400 kilometers an hour.
How far can an e-car currently travel?
Most of the current e-cars can travel between 150 and 350 kilometers on a single charge. That makes them ideal for the city. Only premium-brand models can currently cover more than 500 kilometers. However, the range depends on various factors: Low or high external temperatures drain the battery, as does the use of the radio or air-conditioning system. Constant acceleration and braking likewise reduces the range.
To what extent is electromobility already being used?
Electromobility is making advances worldwide. 54,000 e-cars and plug-in hybrids were sold in Germany in 2017, according to a study by the Center of Automotive Management (CAM). That means Germany ranks fourth in the world. The front-runner is China, where 777,000 e-cars and plug-in hybrids were sold in 2017. The country aims to drive electromobility by means of strict regulations so as to ensure that at least 5 million e-cars are on the road by 2020. China is imposing a production quota as of 2019 to achieve that: Initially, every one-in-ten of all cars built there must be powered by an electric motor, a figure that is to rise to 12 percent from 2020 on. The U.S. and Norway follow in second and third respectively. However, the Scandinavian country has the highest ratio of e-cars.


Norway: the forerunner
More and more manufacturers are launching not only e-cars, but also commercial vehicles with an electric motor which are suitable for everyday use – the Mercedes e-Vito and the Renault Master Z.E. will come onto the market in 2018. DHL has become one of the leading makers of electric vans: 5,000 of the StreetScooters it has developed in house are already used in Germany’s inner cities and the long-term goal is for all the company’s vans to have an electric drive.

Advantages of electromobility
Electric vehicles are changing the way we move – not only because they are more eco-friendly. An e-car costs more than a comparable gasoline or diesel vehicle – mainly due to the large costs of producing the battery, although its prices have fallen in the past years. However, electricity is cheaper than fossil fuels. Moreover, electric vehicles require less maintenance and fewer repairs. There’s no need to change the oil and filters, and there are no exhaust systems, timing belts or V-belts. A combustion engine has around 2,500 components that have to be made and assembled – compared with just 250 in an electric motor. E-cars can be serviced quickly by software updates over the air (SOTA). However, that’s also true of all connected cars, in other words, cars with access to the Internet.

The lithium-ion batteries used in e-cars have a long service life, boast a high energy density and can be recharged many times over. They lose some of their charging capacity after eight to ten years, but they aren’t defective: They simply store less energy. Most batteries in e-cars today have a capacity of 20 to 60 kilowatt hours.
The batteries in e-cars are to be used in future to stabilize smart grids. If the wind and sun provide most of our energy supply, there’s a problem: Supply and demand for electricity may diverge, depending on the weather. Intelligent car charging technology should then be used to absorb excess energy, for instance, when there is a lot of sunshine. Conversely, it can feed excess electricity back into the grid when it’s no longer needed in the car. By installing a photovoltaic system on the roof of their home, e-car owners can reduce dependence on external sources of power – and, with a wall box, eliminate the need to drive to a service station. An additional means of storage at home can also collect energy for times when the sun shines less.
Comparison between silicon carbide and silicon: Smaller battery, greater power
Electric cars deliver high performance and have a far higher efficiency than vehicles with a combustion engine: The ratio between the energy that is fed in and can be used is around 90 percent for electric powertrains. That figure is just 35 percent for gasoline engines and 45 for diesel engines. The rest is lost as heat, for instance. Further advantages: Due to the fact that a high torque is available immediately, e-cars can accelerate faster from 0. They can also obtain energy with the aid of the inverter, such as when they brake, and feed it back to the battery. This effect is called recuperation. E-cars have special rights in some countries and cities: In Germany, they can park free of charge in Hamburg and Stuttgart and use the bus lanes in Dortmund, for example. E-car drivers in Norway have even more privileges.
Since powerful car batteries are still very expensive, the price of e-cars is on average higher than that of comparable models with a combustion engine. But for whom is buying an e-car worthwhile? Germany’s Öko-Institut (Institute for Applied Ecology) has conducted a sample calculation: Assuming a distance traveled of 9,000 kilometers a year and a service life of eight years, the total cost of ownership of an e-car can be lower than a vehicle with a conventional drive. You can calculate that for yourself on the institute’s website.

Challenges facing electromobility
Despite its many advantages, there are other challenges relating to electromobility in addition to the fact that the price of an e-car is still high at present. E-cars are very quiet. That means a lot less noise, especially in cities and along main roads. Pedestrians and cyclists will have to get used to that first. However, if electric cars are moving at low speed, they are so quiet that they might not even be heard at all. That is why newly developed models in the EU have to be fitted with an Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS) from July 2019 on: Up to a speed of 20 km/h, they have to generate electronic noises similar to those of gasoline or diesel cars. If the e-car is traveling faster, the noise made by its tires can be heard anyway. An AVAS is mandatory for all new electric and hybrid cars in the EU as of July 2021.
To ensure that e-cars are zero-emission in the full sense of the word, their electricity must come from renewable sources and not, for example, coal-fired power plants, while production of the battery must also be CO2-neutral. The use of renewable energies is also the objective of the German government: That is the only way “electromobility can fully unfold its advantages for the environment and climate,” it states in a dossier on the energy transition. According to the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), electric cars will overtake diesel or gasoline ones in terms of climate footprint in three years’ time at the latest. If the costly, resource-intensive process of producing batteries becomes even more eco-friendly, that advantage will be even greater, states the research institute.

The attractiveness of electromobility stands and falls by the batteries: What distance can the cars cover with them, how much do they cost, what do they weigh? There’s room for improvement here. New technologies, as well as elements from the semiconductor material silicon carbide (SiC), are required to achieve higher efficiencies and top performance. The low range of e-cars at present deters many from buying one, according to a survey by the business consulting firm Deloitte. Yet most of us could now already use an electric vehicle for many of the journeys we make without any problem. Germans drive less than 40 kilometers on average on more than 80 percent of the days they use a car, states the Federal Ministry for the Environment. The average American travels 31.5 miles a day in the fall and 26.2 miles in the winter. The figure for Norwegians is around 47.2 kilometers a day on average.
Other respondents criticized the fact that the network of charging stations still needs to be improved. In Germany’s 50 largest cities, there is one charging station for every 11,800 inhabitants, as the Center for Automotive Research at the University of Duisburg-Essen confirmed to “Zeit Online.” In Norway’s capital Oslo, the figure is one per 488 inhabitants, whereas there is one public station for every 650 inhabitants in the Dutch capital Amsterdam. Oslo alone operates 1,300 charging stations, whereas the number for the whole of Germany in March 2018 was just under 10,000 charging points at around 5,000 stations according to the Federal Network Agency. However, the number keeps on growing. The German government wants there to be 15,000 nationwide by 2020. China is going much further: 4.8 million new charging points are to be created throughout the country by 2020 – there were around 190,000 at the end of 2017.
In the U.S., most charging points are in California: Los Angeles, San Francisco and San José. However, the charging infrastructure has differed so far from country to country and there is no consistent standard. The CharIN Initiative, of which Infineon is also a member, aims to change that: The efficient Combined Charging System (CCS) is to be developed into the single global standard.