NorthWest Biotherapeutics Inc (NWBO)

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"Major Findings:

By defining quantitative measures of intratumor cellular genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in primary and met-astatic.... tumors and by assessing tumor topology, we determined that distant metastatic tumors are the most diverse, which can explain the frequent therapy resistance of advanced stage disease."

(IMHO, the phenomenon observed and discussed in this article is a concrete example demonstrating one of the primary reasons why multiple tumors should be injected with DCVAX-Direct, and why separate injections in distal tumors that are diverse in both genotype and phenotype is equivalent to creating a new vaccine in or as a result of each distal tumor injected.)

http://www.hubrecht.eu/research/vanoudenaarden/publications/CANCERRESEARCH2014.pdf

Published OnlineFirst January 21, 2014; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2357-T
?Integrated Systems and Technologies: Mathematical Oncology Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity in Breast Tumor
Metastases
Vanessa Almendro1,3,4,11, Hee Jung Kim1,3,4,12, Yu-Kang Cheng2,5, Mithat Go€nen8, Shalev Itzkovitz6,13, Pedram Argani9, Alexander van Oudenaarden6,14,
Saraswati Sukumar10, Franziska Michor2,5, and Kornelia Polyak1,3,4,7


Authors' Affiliations: Departments of 1Medical Oncology and 2Biosta- tistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; 3Depart- ment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; 4Department of Med- icine, Harvard Medical School; 5Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; 6Departments of Physics and Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 7Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; 8Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Departments of 9Pathology and 10Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; 11Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; 12Department of Pathology, MizMedi Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; 13Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; and 14Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.