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Heard on my tv a dr. William Haseltine talking about cloning the antibody involved in covid-19 therapy. If this ever comes to pass mass production of the monoclonal antibody should be right in Avid's wheelhouse.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/Health/medical/video-exclusive-dr-william-haseltine-says-antibody-coronavirus-drug-could-be-approved-in-4-months/ar-BB13amc8?ocid=a2hs
Using antibodies from recovered corona virus patients and using these antibodies to help sick patients(plasma therapy) does not seem to involve immune reaction problems. Why can't we clone these antibodies ? Wasn't Avid a producer of monoclonal antibodies ?
Ditto
Anyone know why Imetelstat hones in on cancer cells as opposed to healthy cells ? No teleromase on healthy cells ? Is degree involved ?
What happened to the TNT platform ? Do we still own the rights ? IT ( NHS76 ) is being comb[ned with a PD-L1 in a relatively recent study .
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Oncotarget. 2017 Mar 28;8(13):20558-20571. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16137.
Enhanced antitumor effects by combining an IL-12/anti-DNA fusion protein with avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
Fallon JK1, Vandeveer AJ1, Schlom J1, Greiner JW1.
Author information
Abstract
The combined therapeutic potential of an immunocytokine designed to deliver IL-12 to the necrotic regions of solid tumors with an anti-PD-L1 antibody that disrupts the immunosuppressive PD-1/PD-L1 axis yielded a combinatorial benefit in multiple murine tumor models. The murine version of the immunocytokine, NHS-muIL12, consists of an antibody (NHS76) recognizing DNA/DNA-histone complexes, fused with two molecules of murine IL-12 (NHS-muIL12). By its recognition of exposed DNA, NHS-muIL12 targets IL-12 to the necrotic portions of tumors; it has a longer plasma half-life and better antitumor efficacy against murine tumors than recombinant murine IL-12. It is shown here that NHS-muIL12, in an IFN-?â??dependent mechanism, upregulates mPD-L1 expression on mouse tumors, which could be construed as an immunosuppressive action. Yet concurrent therapy with NHS-muIL12 and an anti-PD-L1 antibody resulted in additive/synergistic antitumor effects in PD-L1â??expressing subcutaneously transplanted tumors (MC38, MB49) and in an intravesical bladder tumor model (MB49). Antitumor efficacy correlated with (a) with a higher frequency of tumor antigen-specific splenic CD8+ T cells and (b) enhanced T cell activation over a wide range of NHS-muIL12 concentrations. These findings suggest that combining NHS-muIL12 and an anti-PD-L1 antibody enhances T cell activation and T cell effector functions within the tumor microenvironment, significantly improving overall tumor regression. These results should provide the rationale to examine the combination of these agents in clinical studies.
43 to 70 . The speed at which the IP was lost is unfathomable.
Did the whole IP go or just the PS part ?
TNT @ PD-L1 Do we still own the T.N.T platform ?
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Oncotarget. 2017 Mar 28;8(13):20558-20571. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16137.
Enhanced antitumor effects by combining an IL-12/anti-DNA fusion protein with avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
Fallon JK1, Vandeveer AJ1, Schlom J1, Greiner JW1.
Author information
Abstract
The combined therapeutic potential of an immunocytokine designed to deliver IL-12 to the necrotic regions of solid tumors with an anti-PD-L1 antibody that disrupts the immunosuppressive PD-1/PD-L1 axis yielded a combinatorial benefit in multiple murine tumor models. The murine version of the immunocytokine, NHS-muIL12, consists of an antibody (NHS76) recognizing DNA/DNA-histone complexes, fused with two molecules of murine IL-12 (NHS-muIL12). By its recognition of exposed DNA, NHS-muIL12 targets IL-12 to the necrotic portions of tumors; it has a longer plasma half-life and better antitumor efficacy against murine tumors than recombinant murine IL-12. It is shown here that NHS-muIL12, in an IFN-?â??dependent mechanism, upregulates mPD-L1 expression on mouse tumors, which could be construed as an immunosuppressive action. Yet concurrent therapy with NHS-muIL12 and an anti-PD-L1 antibody resulted in additive/synergistic antitumor effects in PD-L1â??expressing subcutaneously transplanted tumors (MC38, MB49) and in an intravesical bladder tumor model (MB49). Antitumor efficacy correlated with (a) with a higher frequency of tumor antigen-specific splenic CD8+ T cells and (b) enhanced T cell activation over a wide range of NHS-muIL12 concentrations. These findings suggest that combining NHS-muIL12 and an anti-PD-L1 antibody enhances T cell activation and T cell effector functions within the tumor microenvironment, significantly improving overall tumor regression. These results should provide the rationale to examine the combination of these agents in clinical studies.
KEYWORDS:
PD-L1; checkpoint inhibitor; immunocytokine; immunotherapy; interleukin-12
PMID: 28423552 PMCID: PMC5400526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16137
[Indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
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Combination Therapy with NHS-muIL12 and Avelumab (anti-PD-L1) Enhances Antitumor Efficacy in Preclinical Cancer Models.
[Clin Cancer Res. 2017]
The immunocytokine NHS-IL12 as a potential cancer therapeutic.
[Oncotarget. 2014]
Systemic Immunotherapy of Non-Muscle Invasive Mouse Bladder Cancer with Avelumab, an Anti-PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor.
[Cancer Immunol Res. 2016]
Review The Next Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade in Melanoma.
[Clin Ther. 2015]
Review Cytokine, chemokine, and co-stimulatory fusion proteins for the immunotherapy of solid tumors.
[Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008]
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I found a recent(2017) article in regards to NHS76( Selectine IL-12 ) the humanized form of T.N.T. combined with a PD-L1 agent. I do not know if we still own the rights to NHS76 , but if we do Dr. Lias should be made aware of the potential of the T.N.T. platform.
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Oncotarget. 2017 Mar 28;8(13):20558-20571. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16137.
Enhanced antitumor effects by combining an IL-12/anti-DNA fusion protein with avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
Fallon JK1, Vandeveer AJ1, Schlom J1, Greiner JW1.
Author information
Abstract
The combined therapeutic potential of an immunocytokine designed to deliver IL-12 to the necrotic regions of solid tumors with an anti-PD-L1 antibody that disrupts the immunosuppressive PD-1/PD-L1 axis yielded a combinatorial benefit in multiple murine tumor models. The murine version of the immunocytokine, NHS-muIL12, consists of an antibody (NHS76) recognizing DNA/DNA-histone complexes, fused with two molecules of murine IL-12 (NHS-muIL12). By its recognition of exposed DNA, NHS-muIL12 targets IL-12 to the necrotic portions of tumors; it has a longer plasma half-life and better antitumor efficacy against murine tumors than recombinant murine IL-12. It is shown here that NHS-muIL12, in an IFN-?â??dependent mechanism, upregulates mPD-L1 expression on mouse tumors, which could be construed as an immunosuppressive action. Yet concurrent therapy with NHS-muIL12 and an anti-PD-L1 antibody resulted in additive/synergistic antitumor effects in PD-L1â??expressing subcutaneously transplanted tumors (MC38, MB49) and in an intravesical bladder tumor model (MB49). Antitumor efficacy correlated with (a) with a higher frequency of tumor antigen-specific splenic CD8+ T cells and (b) enhanced T cell activation over a wide range of NHS-muIL12 concentrations. These findings suggest that combining NHS-muIL12 and an anti-PD-L1 antibody enhances T cell activation and T cell effector functions within the tumor microenvironment, significantly improving overall tumor regression. These results should provide the rationale to examine the combination of these agents in clinical studies.
KEYWORDS:
PD-L1; checkpoint inhibitor; immunocytokine; immunotherapy; interleukin-12
PMID: 28423552 PMCID: PMC5400526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16137
[Indexed for MEDLINE] Free PMC Article
Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on Google+
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Combination Therapy with NHS-muIL12 and Avelumab (anti-PD-L1) Enhances Antitumor Efficacy in Preclinical Cancer Models.
[Clin Cancer Res. 2017]
The immunocytokine NHS-IL12 as a potential cancer therapeutic.
[Oncotarget. 2014]
Systemic Immunotherapy of Non-Muscle Invasive Mouse Bladder Cancer with Avelumab, an Anti-PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor.
[Cancer Immunol Res. 2016]
Review The Next Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade in Melanoma.
[Clin Ther. 2015]
Review Cytokine, chemokine, and co-stimulatory fusion proteins for the immunotherapy of solid tumors.
[Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2008]
See reviews...
See all...
Related information
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MedGen
References for this PMC Article
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Recent Activity
ClearTurn Off
Enhanced antitumor effects by combining an IL-12/anti-DNA fusion protein with av...
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This is an unanswered post-can anyone shed any light ?
t #
281475
of 321595 Go
Will we ever get an analysis of why the control group exceeded historical norms in the Sunrise trial ? Was it because we started with relatively healthier patients in the control group ? Was it because there was a greater number of sick patients removed from the control group vs the Bavi group -leaving healthier patients in the control group ?
Shouldn't we have answers by now ? ? ?
Can anyone paint a picture of the nominating process that will take place at the annual shareholders meeting? Can the BOD dismiss Ronins candidates out of hand ? Do only the votes of the shareholders present count or will all of us participate ? Will a simple majority be needed to elect Ronins pics or is there another percentage in play?
Anyone want to take a stab at answering these questions-
2ndstr2thert Sunday, 07/23/17 12:24:00 PM
Re: None
Post #
305179
of 306202 Go
In the Sunrise trial was there ever a determination as to how many patients in the control group opted out for other treatments ( leaving only patients that were doing relatively well ?) ? Same question for the Bavi group.
Percentage-wise was there a greater number of people opting out of the control group vs the Bavi group and by how much ?
Just trying to understand why the control group was so out of wack as compared to historical data. TIA.
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In the Sunrise trial was there ever a determination as to how many patients in the control group opted out for other treatments ( leaving only patients that were doing relatively well ?) ? Same question for the Bavi group.
Percentage-wise was there a greater number of people opting out of the control group vs the Bavi group and by how much ?
Just trying to understand why the control group was so out of wack as compared to historical data. TIA.
Updated List — Corporal Punishment Poll For PPHM
Now, how many shares does this list represent?
If you agree with Ronin's position on current state of Peregrine management, and the potential addition of new board members add your name to the list. Big prize for the winners. Higher stock price.
Copy and paste with your name added. Mods will delete older versions to reduce the number of these posts.
Good luck!
1. Cheynew
2. Stoneroad
3. Hayward
4. Pphmfan
5. Hawkfan1
6. RevMonster
7. Corporal
8. Internet forum user
9. BioBS2012
10. Chevalblamc47
11. El8abin0
12. Wernaaa (& Co)
13. exwannabe
14. Ku
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16. Mauriziomh
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18. JCNJ
19. ACES UP
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31. bfiest
32. Cures For Humanity
33. Bobby1151
34. Pergri
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Can someone explain how Ronin will oust the current BOD and/or add additional board members.
Why do they need to stay listed when there are near term share raising positives( AVID-EXOMES )?
I agree. An announcement stating that we would go to the OTC rather than reverse split would in my opinion propel us over a dollar. PPHM is one of the first bio-techs with multiple monoclonal antibody products. They screwed up ONCOLYMN ( licensed it to Merk-Kg who promptly shelved it , then they bought it back and did nothing with it.) Cotara and the whole TNT platform ( which might have resulted in a slew of single agent cancer products) has gone into a Chinese black hole, and when are we going to see PS targeting have a positive impact on our share price ? Where are the WORSLEY DEAL'S ? I guess Mary Boyd "hit the ground running" and just kept running away.
Please don't ask me to sell ---I still have faith that the science will ultimately bear fruit the only question is when ? ? ?
It is easy to second guess BOD decisions using hindsight but that is my right(imo) as a shareholder. The BOD has no such right(imo)-they are getting paid to come up with results that will raise the share price within a reasonable time frame and after 20 plus years for me and others they have not done so.
Sorry for the rant but I am FRUSTRATED !!! GO TO THE OTC
Don't know but he did in the past. I can think of numerous reasons why one would do this ( dark reasons and non dark reasons ) but in any case any insights by a poster ( who I remember as being forthright ) will be appreciated.
Westjtter if I remember correctly in the past you claimed a co. contact is that still so , and if so can you share any insights without compromising yourself or your contact ?
When you returned after a long absence I took it to mean that you felt something positive was about to happen in-spite of an impending rs---am I wrong ?
If some big event is so close why not go to the OTC for a short period of time and avoid the reverse split "?
Hutschi is MediPharma Limited (a 99.8% subsidiary of CHI-MED ) the same co. that PPHM owns shares in vis a vis the China deal ?
Peregrine Pharmaceuticals Comments on Lawsuit
TUSTIN, Calif., March 30 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: PPHM), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing targeted therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, today commented on a cross-complaint filed by Cancer Therapeutics Laboratories Inc. (CTL) and discussed in a press release issued yesterday by CTL.
Peregrine had previously filed a lawsuit against CTL on January 12, 2007 alleging various breaches of contract in relation to a license agreement between the two companies that granted CTL certain rights to Peregrine's tumor necrosis therapy (TNT) technology for development and commercialization in China. The lawsuit followed repeated attempts by Peregrine over a number of years to obtain adequate information concerning a purported agreement that CTL made with MediPharm Biotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd and/or Shanghai MediPharm Biotech Co., Ltd. (MediPharm), a company that has now launched Peregrine's proprietary TNT-based product in China for the treatment of lung cancer.
The share price will decline without near term support if we reverse split ( IF WE HAVE NEAR TERM SUPPORT WE SHOULD NOT BE DOING A REVERSE SPLIT). Imo going to the OTC will cause a rise in our share price that will better support ATM use.
My sentiments exactly. Can anyone give a reason(s) why we should not go to the OTC to avoid a reverse split ?
Golfho any thoughts ?
It is my contention that going to the OTC would engender an immediate an lasting share price rise.
The shares( including broker votes) gave approval to the reverse split. The question is did most of the voting shareholders approve the reverse split ?
What is the down side of going to the OTC to avoid the reverse split ?
I believe if the BOD would announce this option our share price would rise immediately ( maybe more than $1 for ten consecutive days).
If we do not meet the delisting requirements by July 7 I SAY--- GO TO THE OTC---GO TO THE OTC---GO TO THE OTC. Even with a 7:1 reverse split unless the share price goes to approximately $.80(7X.80=$5.60)a share major institutions will not buy in. With no near term support our shares will be shorted down.
If we go to the OTC it is my opinion that the share price will rise quickly(possibly more than the reverse split price).
Hard to believe PPHM was one of the first companies involved with monoclonal antibodies and started around the same time as DNA. Waiting 26 yrs.---get it done Peregrine!!!
Just a quick correction for my post from yesterday -- SUBSTITUTE OTC FOR OTB.---must have just read a "Horselover post."---Then again maybe our BOD should go to the OTB to garner some money !
If we get the extension it probably implies something positive is in the near term that will get us over $1. If not why reverse split when there is nothing in the near term that will prop up the new reverse split price ?
GO TO THE OTB IF WE DO NOT OBTAIN THE EXTENSION.---BEEN WAITING 26 YRS.--- PLEASE NO MORE DILUTION !!!
Assuming we do not avoid the reverse split I still do not see why we should not view the OTC as an option ? Given the requested extension ( aside from the "appease the shareholders " theory ) I would assume that Tustin believes they have something that will raise the share price near-term. If they don't the share price will only slide back to ? In my opinion avoiding the reverse split even by going to the OTC would cause reluctant entities to purchase PPHM and raise our share price.
Reams of information on PS yet little visible evidence to explain in a lay friendly way the possible implications of this science. Do we have a PR dept. ?
President Carter was treated with Keytruda and Radio surgery. Here in NY Winthrop Univ. Hospital and Dr. Lederman use Radio surgery in many instances . Radio surgery involves no incisions - usually a 5 day treatment . I believe Dr. Lederman introduced Radio surgery to the western hemisphere and has the most experience using it. Prayers are with your friend.
If this abstract does turn out to be significant ( Which most of us believe it will ) why did they decide to present it at AACR knowing that it would be embargoed and could not be used to avoid the reverse split ? Priorities ?????
Why would you believe it to be "irrelevant" to PR the abstracts ? If they can be translated into succinct lay friendly language then maybe we can generate buying interest.
What does our PR dep't do. ???????
This is for you ENTDOC .
The TNT platform is still alive. For those who do not know we have another platform technology that has been put on hold while are supposed partner reaps the benefits ?
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cbr.2012.1418?src=recsys&journalCode=cbr
Radiofrequency Ablation Before Intratumoral Injection of 131I-chTNT Improves the Tumor-to-Normal Tissue Ratio in Solid VX2 Tumor
To cite this article:
Shu-Guang Zheng, Hui-Xiong Xu, Ming-De Lu, Dian-Chao Yue, Xiao-Yan Xie, and Guang-Jian Liu. Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals. November 2013, 28(10): 725-730. doi:10.1089/cbr.2012.1418.
Published in Volume: 28 Issue 10: November 14, 2013
Online Ahead of Print: August 21, 2013
Full Text HTML Full Text PDF (213 KB) Full Text PDF with Links (219.2 KB)
Author information
Shu-Guang Zheng,1,2 Hui-Xiong Xu,1,2 Ming-De Lu,1 Dian-Chao Yue,3 Xiao-Yan Xie,1 and Guang-Jian Liu1
1Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
2Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
3Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Address correspondence to: Hui-Xiong Xu; Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University; No. 301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
E-mail: xuhuixiong@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate whether the tumor necrosis induced by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can improve the ratio of tumor-to-normal tissue (T/NT) after intratumoral injection of 131I-chTNT.
Materials and Method: Eighteen New Zealand rabbits bearing VX2 tumor on the thigh were randomly divided into two treatment groups (control group: intratumoral injection of 131I-chTNT alone; RFA group: RFA + intratumoral injection of 131I-chTNT 3 days after RFA) and each group was further divided into three subgroups I, II, and III (1–2?cm, 2–3?cm, and 3–4?cm in maximum diameter, respectively), by the tumor size. SPECT was performed to evaluate the T/NT on days 1, 8, and 15 after 131I-chTNT injection.
Results: After treatment, all rabbits underwent the SPECT whole-body scan and the T/NT was analyzed. The results showed that T/NT in the RFA group (55.45±41.83) was significantly higher compared with the control group (7.23±5.61) (F=18.89, p=0.001). Meanwhile, a linear ascending trend was found for T/NT in the RFA group along with the follow-up time (r=0.47, p=0.01). The tumor size or the dose of 131I-TNT injection had no significant effect on the variation of T/NT in both groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: RFA before intratumoral injection of 131I-chTNT can dramatically improve T/NT, demonstrating the potential application of this combination therapy.
This paper was cited by:
Enhanced binding of necrosis-targeting immunocytokine NHS-IL12 after local tumour irradiation in murine xenograft models
Franziska Eckert, Julia Schmitt, Daniel Zips, Marcel A. Krueger, Bernd J. Pichler, Stephen D. Gillies, Wolfgang Strittmatter, Rupert Handgretinger, Karin Schilbach
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. Aug 2016, Vol. 65, No. 8: 1003-1013
CrossRef
The Safety and Treatment Response of Combination Therapy of Radioimmunotherapy and Radiofrequency Ablation for Solid Tumor: A Study In Vivo
Shu-Guang Zheng, Hui-Xiong Xu, Le-Hang Guo, Lin-Na Liu, Feng Lu, David Loeb
PLoS ONE. May 2014, Vol. 9, No. 5: e96539
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Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals. Nov 2013: 737-745.
Ab
Because this stock has been around for so long many of us have varying perspectives in relation to our current status depending on ones entry point. As a long long ( 1991 ) the prospect of another reverse split will push back a break even point(FOR MANY OF US) till who knows when if ever. To say that I am disappointed in the stewards of this co. is an understatement.
Can someone give the arguments for not going to the OTC to avoid a reverse split . It would seem to me if we have near tern information that would move the stock over a dollar then a short wait on the OTC. is preferable to a reverse split. If we can't consumate a deal or do not have price moving data then why do a reverse split only to have the price fall again ?
Will we ever get an analysis of why the control group exceeded historical norms in the Sunrise trial ? Was it because we started with relatively healthier patients in the control group ? Was it because there was a greater number of sick patients removed from the control group vs the Bavi group -leaving healthier patients in the control group ?
Shouldn't we have answers by now ? ? ?
Ex=if bavi has two legs to bind wouldn't there be a point (greater than 240 ) where a crowding effect only allows for one legged binding -there fore more slippage - therefore less effectiveness ?
Is it possible that bavi works better with sicker patients( MORE PS TO BIND ) because the cost benefit ratio of sicker vs impaired immune system tilts in bavi's favor ? (phase 2 sunrise had sicker patients than phase 3 sunrise ) .
TIA.
If this is classic data mining why was it necessary to pre specify this with the FDA ?
The study protocol pre-specified the collection of thousands of patient samples for exploratory analyses over a wide range of possible biomarkers, including pre-treatment levels of beta-2 glycoprotein-1 (B2GP1). Data presented at ESMO demonstrated that patients with pre-treatment B2GP1 levels between 200 and 240 (representing approximately 30% of randomized patients) achieved a statistically significant, 5.5-month improvement (13.2 months vs. 7.7 months) in median overall survival (OS) as compared to patients in the control group with the same range of B2GP1 levels [p = 0.049; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.67].”
Looks to me that the FDA GAVE THEM PERMISSION to "data mine" for bio markers ( one of which was B2GP1 } - WHY WOULD THEY DO THAT if not to further an approval process for the Sunrise trial ?
CP if PPHM would explain the results of the Sunrise trial the way you did in posts -275223-275230-our share price would be much higher. Incompetence and/or behind the scenes games - take your pick.
25 years of FRUSTRATION - they have the goods so say so in a way that is intelligible to the masses.
Threes I am in total agreement with your post.I would like to hear a reasoned response ( not just a few trite comments )relative to the points made in the post by those who voted for the reverse split authorization
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Threes Thursday, 09/22/16 11:19:20 AM
Re: NoMoDo post# 273128
Post # of 273145
Why, They don't need to stay on the Nasdaq.
They don't even deserve to be on the Nasdaq.
There are plenty of companies that trade multiples higher then PPHM trading OTC.
Down the road IF they deliver they will regain compliance ( remain over $1.00 ).
In the meantime they can save 200K a year in compliance fees and admin.
The Nasdaq issue is just cover for BOD to reset past dilution 225M OS down to a reasonable number so they can start the cycle over again and dilute the poop out of us.
Make them take a pay cut and run a cost effective manufacturing business.
Let MSK, NCCN, and AZN if they are so inclined do the R&D stuff, which history (30 years of it) shows is beyond their skill sets.
Back to 30 million outstanding after upcoming RS which will be back at 200 million within 18 months. While we shareholders will have 1/7th of our current holdings.
If this is in any way a positive for you then sleeping on a bed of nails probably seems like a good idea as well.
Guns have now surpassed car accidents in cause of deaths in the USA.
With this great news PPHM should file for- the listing extension -YES OR NO ? the BLA -YES OR NO ?
With this great news there will not be a reverse split shortly -YES OR NO ?
Is a deal imminent YES OR NO ?
It's not over till it's over. This is probably the exception that proves the rule but I do remember at least one time when the shareholders voted down one of managements recommendations. It was so long ago however that I can't remember what it pertained to. Maybe some longs can shed some light on this.