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Bitcoin could hit $10M in 9 years but more sidechains needed: Blockstream CEO
https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitcoin-could-hit-10m-in-9-years-but-more-sidechains-needed-blockstream-ceo
The Future of Gaming Is Shib
Link:
https://shytoshikusama.medium.com/the-future-of-gaming-is-shib-6b35b1cae170
Vitalik Buterin just burned 39.7% of ELONONE's total supply on Sunday. Sent to the black hole.
https://twitter.com/turbokirk/status/1454847818120712192?s=20
This up and down bs is nuts already. Set a pattern and go with it. Die shorty
$IDEX Ideanomics CEOs - Earth Day 2021
Medical Marijuana, Inc. $MJNA subsidiary Kannalife™ Sciences holds the first two licenses awarded to develop and commercialize drug treatments under the U.S. government’s only cannabinoid patent. Kannalife™ Sciences is a phyto-medical company specializing in the research and development of cannabinoid based pharmaceuticals
https://www.medicalmarijuanainc.com/company-of-firsts/the-first-to-license-to-commercialize-the-us-national-institues-of-health-patent/
Cryptocurrency & Crypto IPOs has become talk of the town in todays world. Every other person is so invested in crypto that it has become one of the famous. The cryptocurrency market has bloomed this year, and global financial institutions have been taking this digital asset seriously for the first time since its existence. Wall Street-based institutional investors and big banks have also started holding cryptoassets in their portfolios. cryptos like kraken, ripple,gemini are all set to launch IPOs
That Dogelon mars token has just begun I think it will do well one day ELON
$IDEX Fintech Blockchain
Buy Chainlink In India
Why are a lot of people investing in Digital Currency like buying Chainlink?
After the development of Blockchain technology, online transactions, data storage, and other related applications of Blockchain took a huge leap. Not only that, but blockchain also started entering new domains and is already garnering a lot of attention and interest of investors due to the low costs and high security that it provides to its users. The rise of blockchain and cryptocurrencies saw the development of new cryptocurrencies and platforms that were designed to cater to specific needs such as cloud storage (Siacoin) and decentralized online entertainment networks (Tron). In the light of these blockchain networks, Chainlink token was created as a medium between real-world applications and smart contracts, using a decentralized oracle network.
https://www.buyucoin.com/buy-chainlink-india
BAT going up like ALGO!
THIS IS HUUUUUGE!
CVC UPGRADED TO STRONG BUY!!!
THE BUYS HAVE GOTTEN UPGRADED
VS THE SELLS!!!!
BOOOOOOOOM!!
We expect the Civic token CVC
Worth $5.25 now near term
On the latest Covid19 Apple tracker
App.
Market cap
$55.8M
Volume (24 hours)
$11.1M
Circulating supply
670.0M CVC
Trading activity
55% buy
45% sell
Happy New Year!!!! We are rich$$$$
HSSHF .74 broke out today , still way undervalued compared to Peers.
The price of a bitcoin can unpredictably increase or decrease over a short period of time due to its young economy, novel nature, and sometimes illiquid markets. Consequently, keeping your savings with Bitcoin is not recommended at this point. Bitcoin should be seen like a high-risk asset, and you should never store money that you cannot afford to lose with Bitcoin. If you receive payments with Bitcoin, many service providers can convert them to your local currency.All these things and experiences I gained once I met and learned about bitcoin conversion
>>> Fidelity Says a Third of Big Institutions Own Crypto Assets
Bloomberg
by Olga Kharif
June 9, 2020
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/fidelity-says-third-big-institutions-123218608.html
(Bloomberg) -- About a third of large institutional investors own digital assets such as Bitcoin, according to a survey from Fidelity Investments.
Across the U.S. and Europe, 36% of the survey’s 774 respondents said they own cryptocurrencies or derivatives. In the U.S., 27% of institutions -- including pension funds, family offices, investment advisers and digital and traditional hedge funds -- said they own digital assets, up from 22% about a year ago, when Fidelity surveyed 441 institutions just in the U.S. In Europe, 45% of respondents are invested in digital assets.
Over a quarter of the respondent hold Bitcoin, while 11% hold Ether, the survey found. Bitcoin is up 36% since the beginning of the year, and has rallied as many traditional assets tumbled during the Covid-19 pandemic.
“Europe is perhaps more supportive and accommodating,” Tom Jessop, president of Fidelity Digital Assets, said in an interview. That could “be just things going on in Europe right now, you got negative interest rates in many countries. Bitcoin may look more attractive because there are other assets that aren’t paying return.”
Seeing the increased interest, a slew of companies ranging from BitGo to Genesis have been launching new services such as prime brokerages geared toward institutional investors.
The survey was conducted by Greenwich Associates between November 2019 and early March, right before the crypto market crashed and quickly rebounded. Fidelity runs a service for trading and securing digital assets.
“These results confirm a trend we are seeing in the market towards greater interest in and acceptance of digital assets as a new investable asset class,” Jessop said. Fidelity declined to comment on the amount of customer assets or holdings by institutional groups.
The survey found that price volatility was the top concern impeding wider institutional adoption.
<<<
I'd be more than happy to give some info on an app I use to invest in crypto like they're mutual funds. Additionally, if anyone would like some great DD on blockchain, just PM me and I have some info that im not seeing anywhere else. Happy to share..
"Books"? Not that I'm familiar with.
BTC, Crypto & Blockchain info & tutorials are freely available ALL OVER the web.
The post you responded to mentioned $GBTC. This can be traded easily in stock & IRA accounts, and price tracks pretty closely to BTC.
There's generally a 'premium' to BTC but today it was ~5%, whereas throughout 2019 it averaged 25-35% premium. Soooo.... if you "like BTC", GBTC has been an easy way to participate.
Trading is a broad topic, but "trading these" can be thought of similar to trading ANYTHING.
The key rule: don't get MARRIED to any position - when a trade 'turns on you' it's time to kick it to the curb. You can always re-enter, but don't let ANY TRADE trade take too much money out your pocket.
GLTU.
Are there any good books out there to learn about trading these?
iETH -- N95 fund
on the phone today discussing with major investors looking to establish a fund leveraging the iETH token to get N95 protection to our health care workers.
It seems that investing in iETH would leverage the donations upwards of 1000x.
I sincerely feel cryptocurrency such as iETH is a game changer. It is bitcoin at 4 cents and only limited by community support.
I will be donating 500,000 iethereum (iETH) tokens to the fund
Meanwhile everyone trades GBTC...
And other Grayscale Funds.
>>> SEC Quashes Dreams of Bitcoin ETF With Another Rejection
Bloomberg
By Vildana Hajric
February 26, 2020
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-26/sec-quashes-dreams-of-bitcoin-etf-with-another-rejection?srnd=premium
Commissioner Hester Peirce doubts a fund will ever be approved
Application by Wilshire Phoenix and NYSE Arca rejected
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission disapproved the last proposal for a Bitcoin exchange-traded fund, likely destroying any remnants of hope from digital currency fans that a fund would get the green light this year.
The SEC denied an application Wednesday by Wilshire Phoenix and NYSE Arca Inc. to list a fund that wanted to mix Bitcoin and short-term Treasuries, according to an order posted on the regulator’s website. Bitcoin dropped more than 6% to about $8,819 as of 4:13 p.m. in New York.
“The Commission concludes that NYSE Arca has not established that the relevant Bitcoin market possesses a resistance to manipulation that is unique beyond that of traditional security or commodity markets such that it is inherently resistant to manipulation,” the regulator said. A Wilshire representative didn’t immediately reply to a request for comment.
Bitcoin dropped for the third day, losing 6% Wednesday
The SEC has long urged issuers to address a wide array of risks and concerns associated with a potential crypto fund, including manipulation, liquidity and custody issues.
Read more: Crypto ETF Advocates Face SEC Resistance Despite Strategic Shift
In a dissenting statement, Commissioner Hester Peirce, who is a proponent of cryptocurrency products, said the disapproval leads her “to conclude that this Commission is unwilling to approve the listing of any product that would provide access to the market for Bitcoin and that no filing will meet the ever-shifting standards that this Commission insists on applying to Bitcoin-related products—and only to Bitcoin-related products.”
Wilshire’s proposal to mix Bitcoin with T-bills was meant, in part, to cushion against crypto volatility. The firm’s proposal was the last seeking approval from the U.S. regulator after a number of others were rejected or withdrawn. It’s a far cry from two years ago, when a mass of would-be issuers were duking it out to be the first to market.
“I didn’t see any viable reason why this would be accepted when others were denied,” said James Seyffart, an analyst with Bloomberg Intelligence.
Here’s what other market-watchers are saying:
“Bitcoin ETFs make sense based on the efficiency of the ETF investment wrapper, but we understand the regulators stance on surveillance and market manipulation concerns,” said Frank Koudelka, global ETF product specialist at State Street. “We are excited about the prospects for ETFs leveraging the blockchain, regardless of if they are digital currency or traditional asset classes. This ultimately provides the ability to broaden distribution and enhance efficiency.”
<<<
$ALYI "ALYI has initiated and continues to develop $300 million in electric vehicle projects focused today primarily in Africa targeting the shared ride market"
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/alyi-alternet-systems-q3-financials-163925138.html
Didn't lie - I contacted AAPL. Why don't YOU?
OKavango,
I have not lied to you and I already have told you that Apple investor relations does not know anything as you recently said.
You should not have claimed that you contacted Apple investor relations months ago or that they said they were not affiliated. That was not true. You also have a strong opinion which I welcome. Please keep this discussion to known facts and not conjecture. Thanks.
As far as my evidence, it is not only for me, it is all on the blockchain. I have associates that have other associates that have verified all the data on the blockchain and the major holders that I am referring to are not selling, I have good reason to believe these "major holders" are buying 2 million more. The question you should be asking is why are they buying and not selling. Asking the right question is often more important than knowing the answer.
You seem to insist that iETH is worthless, if so why is the market cap going upwards to a million dollars.
Why are holding addresses continuing to go up. It appears there has been over 300 new holders over the past few months.
If worthless the major holders do not appear to be selling. The market is usually smarter than you or I
In my opinion this is very similar to bitcoin in 2010 in terms of token numbers, holders and structure. If iETH is affiliated with Apple, Apple obviously has a time frame for this revelation. It may be never, which, is possible. Why would Apple announce and welcome the scrutiny that Libra received.
Regardless, the fair value on this token is easily at least 3$ per token. one could easily see 4 or 5$ per token fair for the current fair value, in my opinion.
Check out this dd. I think that some folks good make a real good New Year here. It's just getting started and everything is verifiable.
Happy Holidays and Merry Christmas.
https://investorshub.advfn.com/FIVEBALANCE-FBNETH-37059/
$ALYI Cryptocurrency "IW Global has proposed launching and managing an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) on ALYI's behalf specifically targeted at raising $100 million to fund infrastructure for electric vehicle production in Africa. IW Global, a well-established technology firm with a wide breadth of experience spanning projects for NASA and more has recently implemented multiple blockchain solutions, has proposed launching and managing an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) on ALYI's behalf specifically targeted at raising $100 million to fund infrastructure for electric vehicle production in Africa." https://www.barchart.com/story/stocks/quotes/ALYI/overview/4031229/alyi-alternet-systems-confirms-goldman-small-cap-research-cryptocurrency-survey
BTC: Twitter v FB
"BTC & Crypto heading for epic social media showdown"
$RIOT Riot Blockchain has invested in unique projects, which decentralize markets; combining real-world applications with an active development team, strong fundamentals, and large addressable markets.
Coinsquare
Coinsquare is an easy-to-use, secure, cost-efficient and trustworthy way to buy digital assets. Coinsquare is a leading Canadian exchange for digital currencies, and recently received a strategic investment from a prominent global asset management firm. https://coinsquare.com/ $BTC.X $LTC.X $ETH.X
$RIOT 100% dedicated bitcoin, bitcoin cash and litecoin mining operation is located in a leased facility in Oklahoma City. It is one of the largest cryptocurrency mining operations among publicly listed companies in North America. The operation continues to be fully deployed with 24/7 real-time monitoring of status and profitability.
The Company produced approximately 316.19 bitcoins, 143.81 bitcoin cash, and 870.01 litecoins for the second quarter of 2019.
Riot's fully-owned hashing power was approximately 101 Petahash as of June 30, 2019. The company continues to explore opportunities to expand its mining operation in a disciplined, cost-effective manner. https://www.riotblockchain.com/bitcoin-mining
$GTXO ShipChain and GTX Corp Global NFC Blockchain Shipment Tracking Solution https://finance.yahoo.com/news/shipchain-gtx-corp-launch-global-121400939.html
The First Crypto Currency you can mine on your phone.
Start earning cryptocurrency today with our free, energy-light mobile app.
Pi Network headed by Dr. Nicolas Kokkalis instructor of Stanford’s first decentralized applications class.
Free to join get started now follow the link https://minepi.com/weminecoins
and use invitation code weminecoins
Pi’s holders will be able to turn Pi into “real” money when they either purchase goods and services on Pi’s marketplace or exchange Pi for fiat currency. Read less ...
Cryptocurrency holders have two options for turning their holdings into “real” money (or to “cash out”): 1) Directly purchasing goods and services with their crypto or 2) exchanging their crypto for fiat currency (e.g., dollars, euro, etc.) on cryptocurrency exchanges.
1) Directly purchasing goods and services with your Pi. Pi Network is building a peer-to-peer marketplace where our members will be able to directly spend Pi to buy goods and services. We aim to start experimenting with in-app transfers of Pi as soon as Q4 2019.
2) Exchanging Pi for fiat currency on cryptocurrency exchanges. Pi’s Core Team does not control when cryptocurrency exchanges (like Binance, Coinbase, Kraken etc.) decide to list Pi. However, Pi will be able to be traded in Phase 3 of the project (i.e., Mainnet). At that point, exchanges can choose to list Pi. In the meanwhile, Pi’s core team is focused on implementing our technical roadmap (see our white paper) to reach phase 3.
The Team
Dr. Nicolas Kokkalis
Head of Technology
Stanford PhD and instructor of Stanford’s first decentralized applications class; combining distributed systems and human computer interaction to bring cryptocurrency to everyday people.
I have been a technologist all my life, which led me to do a Ph.D. at Stanford University and to continue to become a Postdoctoral Scholar in the Computer Science department there. As part of my postdoc, I introduced and taught CS359B, the Decentralized Applications on Blockchain class, in Stanford’s Computer Science department. That’s where I encountered firsthand the difficulty of getting the technological advances of blockchain into the hands of everyday people. I believe today technology can empower people more than ever.
As a young undergraduate, I designed and built a novel computer motherboard from scratch in the lab. In my early PhD work, I created a framework for writing “smart contracts” on fault tolerant distributed systems, before blockchain and Ethereum came to exist, and published it as my MS thesis. I also created an online games platform, Gameyola, where millions of people entertained themselves for a collective of over 2,000 man years; for my later PhD work, I tried to restore those man years by writing a crowd-powered email assistant that saved people time when processing their emails and tasks. Also, I was the founding CTO at StartX, a non-profit startup accelerator for Stanford students that has helped over 2000 entrepreneurs.
I am a strong and long term believer of the technical, financial and social potential of cryptocurrencies, but frustrated by their current limitations. I am committed to bringing the power of blockchain to more people by improving the current experience and building value for everyone. I’m doing this by employing a user-centric design philosophy that turns the development process of new blockchains upside down: Launch in Beta; invite members to the network; iterate the protocol together with the members; decentralize the resulting design.
The result is currently available as the Pi Network, a new cryptocurrency and peer-to-peer network, which is currently operational in 150+ countries and 32 languages. Pi Network is 100% my professional commitment, while my loving wife and son take up 100% of my personal commitment.
Dr. Chengdiao Fan
Head of Product
Stanford PhD in Computational Anthropology harnessing social computing to unlock human potential on a global scale.
I finished my Ph.D. in Anthropological Sciences from Stanford University, with expertise in human behavior and human groups studies. My research interests have focused on human-computer interaction and social computing -- specifically, how we use technology to positively impact human behavior and societies. My previous research projects and published papers include designing software systems to improve productivity, scale social communications and surface untapped social capital for people. I also founded a startup that builds an email productivity platform that scales conversations by crowdsourcing.
What excites me about blockchain technology is the merging of decentralization with an economic instrument. This technological marvel can mobilize individuals all over the world to participate and be rewarded for their contributions. Just as the internet enabled the world to be more connected through information exchanges, blockchain and cryptocurrencies enable closer and more frequent collaborations with value exchanges. I believe their potential is far beyond the realm of finance, and will create values that have otherwise not been created or captured on individual, societal and global levels. My hope for Pi is the establishment of an inclusive economy for global citizens to unleash and capture their own value, and in turn create value for society and the world.
I speak English & Chinese. I’m a scientist, an engineer, a wife and the mother of a 3-year old.
Vincent McPhillip
Head of Community
Yale and Stanford-trained social movement builder on a mission to democratize how society defines, creates, and distributes wealth.
My mission is to build a world where anyone, anywhere has the opportunity to realize their full potential. After graduating from Yale University (BA, Political Science), I turned down an investment banking job on Wall Street to launch WellWyn, a community-based wellness practice. While I loved coaching, I was frustrated by how hard it was to create lasting social work at scale. To impact more people, I joined a nonprofit / NGO consulting company called Bridgespan where I worked with philanthropists and NGOs to deploy hundreds of millions of dollars for education and workforce development in communities across the U.S.
My time at Bridgespan convinced me that providing people with equal opportunity would require shattering a deep-rooted myth: that you can’t prosper financially while doing good for the world. After enrolling at Stanford’s Graduate School of Business, I became obsessed with the idea of how people could use cryptocurrencies to earn money by doing good, thereby redefining the very meaning of Wealth. To figure out how to make this work, I co-founded the Stanford Blockchain Collective, a group of 750 thought leaders, businesspeople, engineers, and lawyers from across Stanford and Silicon Valley. I also began teaching Crypto 101 workshops so I could learn more about how people could use cryptocurrency to transform their lives.
I am convinced that cryptocurrency is one of the most powerful tools we have to provide opportunities for people everywhere to achieve a new meaning of prosperity. Despite this potential, we are still in the early stages of helping people understand how cryptocurrency could improve their lives. Pi aims to change this. Pi represents the culmination of a personal, lifelong mission to empower others by redefining wealth.
In my free time, I practice meditation, yoga, tai chi. I also love to dance. I’m a native of Trinidad and Tobago, and speak Spanish and Portuguese.
Free to join get started now follow the link https://minepi.com/weminecoins
and use invitation code weminecoins
Any questions feel free ask me I offer around the clock support.
Thanks for your time.
Rise
$NDYN SELLERS ARE OUT, ONLY WAY IS UP FROM HERE!
Apple please comment on the iETH (iEthereum token) or global currency, it has been almost 2 years since this token inception, thanks.
Apple you own this token until you say otherwise. either way it is 3$ token minimum. If Apple a 5000$ per token value.
it has your i -- prefix and your logo. It is not much to ask you to comment on that is it.
It would be nice if anyone involved in the project would actually produce any actionable investment information. Obviously if Apple, Apple corporation is keeping this information private for whatever reason.
LTC looks dead. Coin holders want out.
I do. And will never return.
Been there done that.
It’s just FOREX now.
math says clearly the first investor that can afford to buy 30K worth of iETH (IEthereum token)will likely make 30x on their investment. the presumption is based on the blockchain history. Whoever the insiders are or developers, it seems they have been holding. therefore iETH is very close to 1$ per token assuming they continue to hold. It appears they will.
Are you mining Pi yet?
It's a New Digital Currency and it is growing extremely fast!
You owe it to yourself to at least check it out.
You can download it from your APP STORE, the name of the APP is "Pi NETWORK"
The APP is FREE and does all the work for you. Very exciting stuff. Definitely worth checking out guys.
An Invitation Code is Required = ThePropheticOne
The only trouble the CEO ever tweeted was about a clown called Millionaire Brandon, I believe theres a shitstorm coming for that person and the posse he runs with.
INTV's CEO is Transparent
https://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/INTV/news/Integrated-Ventures-Restructures-Its-Debt-Obligations-Improves-Balance-Sheet-And-Launches-NY-Mining-Operations?id=234586
With a troubled CEO who gets off by dumping shares in a dilution FRENZY!!
Nope, INTV is a fully reporting SEC compliant OTCQB transparent company
https://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/INTV/news/Integrated-Ventures-Restructures-Its-Debt-Obligations-Improves-Balance-Sheet-And-Launches-NY-Mining-Operations?id=234586
A breed above those underwater SCAMs you like
INTV isnt anything like the underwater scams you pump.
Fully audited SEC compliant, transparent, your picks could take a lesson
https://www.integratedventuresinc.com/investors
INTV is a pennystock SCAM
$INTV has a corporate update coming tomorrow, best to load up today
Quote:
Corporate update tomorrow with financial details.
Corporate update tomorrow with financial details. Black River is a total beauty. 100,000 cfm fans are being installed. pic.twitter.com/rP9f2EqWfn
— Integrated Ventures, Inc (@IntVentures) July 17, 2019
Nexus Earth NXS .
The Three Dimensional Chain (3DC)
by Nexus | Jul 7, 2019 | News
The Three Dimensional Chain (3DC)
Nexus is implementing an architecture that is a promising candidate to solving the ‘Blockchain Trilemma’, an opinion that only two of the three qualities, Security, Decentralization and Scalability, are achievable concurrently. Our architecture, the Three Dimensional Chain (3DC) transforms the Ledger into a multi-layered contact processing system, in order to scale the protocol securely with a high degree of decentralization. It chains together cryptographic primitives into a three-dimensional immutable object (a 3D block), and has three core dimensions: reputation channels (X), immutability or authenticity (Y), and time (Z). This architecture is being deployed through the TAO Framework.
Scalability
The architecture of legacy blockchains is comparable to driving a car on a single lane highway – as the volume of cars increases, traffic occurs. Nexus views ‘scalability’ as a requirement, not a feature. Therefore, we design protocols that scale as more nodes join the network, processing unhindered even with the increase of resource requirements.
Using ‘Signature Chains’, ‘Aggregation’ and ‘Computational Sharding’, the 3DC creates parallel lanes of transaction processing to produce the L1 layer, the base layer of the 3DC. Data is then stored between many nodes using what we term ‘Data Sharding’, which eliminates the need for synchronizing and storing the entire blockchain. ‘LISP’ (Location Identifier Separation Protocol) and the ‘LLL’ (Lower Level Library) together form the common interface for this, which results in an increase of data storage as more nodes join the network providing longer term scaling potential.
Why is this important for scaling? The Ethereum Blockchain is over 1TB
Signature Chains
Nexus transactions no longer use the UTXO (Unspent Tx Outputs) architecture, where you have outputs from one transaction being inputs to another, resulting in a large amount of expensive signature verifications for even small transactions. Though UTXO was an important cornerstone of the Bitcoin architecture, it has proven to be outdated and vulnerable to many different types of attacks and scaling limitations.
Why is this important to avoid? 50% of Litecoin’s UTXO is unspendable
As a move away from Legacy Blockchain architecture, Nexus has designed and implemented an architecture named Signature Chains, which act as personal user-level blockchains that contain all of your data as one unique chain. This architecture provides higher scaling characteristics, as only one signature needs to be verified per transaction. Conversely, a single UTXO transaction could contain 1000’s of inputs (and therefore require 1000’s of signature verifications), in order to transact even a small amount of coins (< 0.00001). Additionally, Signature Chains don’t require wallet files, as they are accessible by login credentials (username, password and pin). This verifies authenticity and identity of individuals (through reputation) on the network, without sacrificing privacy.
Aggregation
Transactions in legacy blockchains are not only referenced in a block, they are also transported with it. Though this does contain some positive characteristics for processing, it limits scale as transactions require transport twice, once when created, and again when the block itself is broadcast. In order to combat this inefficiency, the Tritium protocol stores the transaction object separately from the block object, and references its txid inside the block. This is the first form of ‘Aggregation’, that means that a single reference can represent the entire transaction, which reduces the data that is transported in blocks. This results in better levels of scaling, and improved security by lowering the probability of successful Finney attacks on the network.
What’s a Finney Attack? Hal Finney Discovered it in 2011
Computational Sharding
Computational Sharding is necessary for the division of work between specific types of nodes, to create ‘lanes’ which process data in parallel comparable to multiple lanes of a highway. Though computational Sharding is powerful, it can be insecure if implemented incorrectly. The reason is that a ‘shard’ is easier to dominate than an entire network, as it is smaller. The way to resolve this is through the use of a multi-layered ledger (explained in Security) inherent in the 3DC. Layers of consensus allow the shards below to be smaller in size than those above, and ensure that conflicts can be resolved to prevent attacks.
Data Sharding
Data Sharding is the division of data to be stored between many nodes. This can be thought of as having many warehouses to store packages (data) after they have been transported (computation). Due to every object being ‘verifiable’ by its index hash, the 3DC can provide Data Sharding with limited trust in remote nodes.
The difficulty is, how is the state of so many objects and shards managed? The use of LISP solves this problem. The method by which the 3DC performs Data Sharding, a ‘network’ is created that exists everywhere, where instead of ‘IP’ addresses, you have ‘Hashes’. This could be compared to typing in a txid in your web browser, and receiving that transaction. Using LISP in this manner, we would enable the browser (or LLP in network terms) to open a connection to a hash, which would point to the group of nodes that held that particular piece of data.
The end result of this is, a user can login to their node that has never communicated with the network before, generate their ‘genesis-id’ from their username and open a connection to this hash, which would then use the existing internet to route to the node that contained this particular piece of data. The beauty of this is that the network itself doesn’t need to add superfluous data synchronization across nodes to know where data is held. Nodes use the overlay to route requests to other nodes, resulting in IP addresses as hashes of data that exists in the wonderful world of Nexus.
Data sharding is an essential facet of the 3DC in order to achieve long-term scalability. Amine will provide the opportunity for nodes to run in ‘shard mode’, lowering their disk and memory usage even when the network is experiencing high load. Data sharding in Obsidian will extend to critical network functions, resulting in nodes being required to store only a portion of the entire chain.
Multicast
Additional to the cryptographic structures, the Internet, must be capable of routing efficiently. We utilize what is termed ‘IP Multicast’ which allows a single broadcast of a message to be initiated by a node, rather than every node needing to replicate the message as it is verified. This can be likened to a public speaker broadcasting a message to an audience (multicast), rather than having a one-on-one conversation (unicast), where the message is gossiped from one person to the next. You can imagine how this would not only improve the scalability, but also the integrity of the message (as gossip doesn’t always reflect the original conversation). Packets and transactions will route in constant time no matter how many nodes are part of the system.
Learn more about LISP
Lower Level Library (LLL)
The LLL is the foundation of the TAO Framework, which powers many of the protocol’s subsystems. It includes three core components.
The Lower Level Database (LLD) is Nexus’ fast and modular storage engine, which to the best of our knowledge, is capable of outperforming most existing embedded database engines. Our average results are around 0.33 seconds for 100k writes and reads to disk (one then the other). This rivals other storage engines such as Google’s LevelDB.
The Lower Level Protocol (LLP) is a fundamental component of the Network Layer, a light and fast protocol that allows a developer to customize their packet design and message interpretation. It gains scalability through fundamental simplicity, and is capable of managing a large number of concurrent connections.
The Lower Level Cryptography (LLC) is a light and efficient library that contains many useful cryptographic functions such as Post-Quantum Cryptography, AES and Argon2. The library provides an easily accessible set of high performance cryptographic functions to ensure maximum scaling potential. An example would be our benchmarks of FALCON (used in the TAO) that verified 150k signatures/s on a consumer grade apple laptop, where ECDSA (used in Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) performed only 4k signatures/s.
Security
Nexus employs multiple consensus systems that ‘check and balance’ one another. Diversity strengthens the gene pool of the human species, likewise it is an equally important property for the security of a decentralized system.
The 3DC is designed as multiple layers of transaction processing or ‘consensus’, and each of the layers aggregate data from the layer below. The nodes performing work on L2, resolve any conflicts in L1 shards, using ‘Stake’ and ‘Trust’ as the ‘Weight’ to determine consensus. In the event that there is a conflict, it is resolved through the validity of data, which is defined as (Trust + Weight). The L3 layer will consolidate hashes from L2 to create the final 3D block.
Nexus considers the use of cryptography very seriously, as a flaw in these functions could render the entire network insecure. We only employ well tested and thoroughly peer reviewed cryptography, all of which have survived at least the first round of crypto-analysis at NIST competitions.
Trust and Weight
Trust is defined as the total time a specific user (Signature Chain) has been contributing to the network. This time is measured by the consistency and availability of a node to validate transaction data.
Weight is defined as the real time resource contribution that a given node has provided for a one time transaction process. This can be measured in computing cycles through Proof-of-Work (PoW) or other resources such as ‘Stake’ that incurs a cost to provide.
Reputation based Consensus ~ Simplified
Tritium Trust Whitepaper
pBFT + Reputation Channels (L1)
As transactions are received by the network, nodes start verifying them immediately. The transaction speed of L1 channels will vary based on the risk that a merchant wishes to assume, ranging from sub-second speeds to five seconds. For higher value transactions, it will be recommended that they receive additional weight from validation on the next consensus layer: L2, reducing transaction speed to 15 seconds plus.
pBFT + PoS Trust Network (L2)
As an extension to the existing Proof-of-Stake system, L2 will form the second layer of consensus above L1. The L2 layer ensures safety and liveness, cross-shard communication, and resolves conflicts from the L1 layer. It represents the horizontal chaining of L1 channels, and is a major step towards a truly decentralized and scalable ledger.
Decentralized Mining Pool (L3)
This layer will use PoW based mining shares computed from the work performed by the nodes of L2. Consensus will be determined by the largest value of shares + Trust, in order to reach a final agreement on the most valid 3D block.
Checking and Balancing
In order to have the highest degree of security, decisions cannot be concentrated in one form, as this creates the ability for ‘coercion’. If there is only one form of cost that provides security, the system can be easily dominated due to limited ‘checking and balancing’. Bitcoin is a prime example of a victim that is suffering from resource domination or ‘centralization’.
Bitcoin Hashrate Distribution
As can be seen from the link above, four organizations control more than 51% of Bitcoin’s hashrate, meaning, that the entire security of Bitcoin is reliant on them and the decisions that they make. This situation is an example of centralization resulting from resource domination, which has lead to proposed solutions such as UASF (User Activated Soft Fork) and multiple Bitcoin forks such as Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin SV, Bitcoin Gold, etc.
Though promising, UASF was unable to reach a level where it could be effective, as the required percentage of miner’s consent was too high.
Cryptography
The copy/paste mentality of source code used to create many cryptocurrency projects has led to many critical flaws in security. Below is one such example that created a pandemonium for hundreds of projects that inherited a flaw from Zcoin.
Fatal Flaws may be embedded in all Privacy Coins
Nexus employs the following cryptographic functions: FALCON (a second round contender for the NIST Post-Quantum cryptography competition), Argon2 (winner of the password hashing competition, and a superior alternative to S-Crypt or B-Crypt), and Keccak (winner of the SHA3 competition).
We also do not rely on the security of only one cryptographic function for the security of the entire system, and treat every public key as disposable once used. This means our security uses many different layers of redundancy to provide protection, in the event that one of them becomes vulnerable. Relying on a single private key for security is a ticking time bomb, though this approach is largely used by most blockchain applications.
Cryptographic Flaws found in IOTA
Signature Chains decouple key management from the user account, meaning that with the click of a button, you are able to change the type of key that your account uses. This gives users the option to use Post-Quantum cryptography such as FALCON, or the option to use more time-tested Brainpool curves. If there were any flaws found in either of these cryptographic schemes, you are able to change with ease your key type.
These safeguards are important in order to protect systems over time, as ongoing crypto-analysis are always finding vulnerabilities and attack vectors that will begin to break cryptographic standards.
Large Bitcoin Collider Finds Another Bitcoin Private Key
Decentralization
Many protocols have moved away from PoW due its large energy requirements Its very competitive nature also leads to an increasing amount of resources in order to search for a block, as the traditional model of PoW only rewards the winning miner of each block, which incentivizes miners to pool resources.
An alternative is EOS’ Delegated Proof of Stake, though it relies on only twenty-one block producers, yielding a low degree of decentralization. There are several solutions that have been proposed for the scaling of a blockchain: Bitcoin’s Segregated Witness and Lightning Network, and Ethereum’s Plasma. Though promising, both essentially depend on off-chain solutions to provide scaling (a more centralized approach). They create payment channels or ‘side chains’, that rely on a small group of verifiers to recommit updated balances. Younger protocols have proposed multilayered systems, though we are unaware of any designs that place as much emphasis on Decentralization as the 3DC.
The 3DC aims to improve decentralization through many methods that include; L1 Reputation Channels, Decentralized Pools on the L2 and L3 layers, Reputation Incentive Structures, and Peer Discovery.
L1 Reputation Channels
L1 Reputation channels are designed to require a low amount of resources in comparison to the L2 and L3 layers. This is to enable the use of smaller mobile devices which in turn will provide higher levels of decentralization. This is possible as the L2 consensus layer above adds weight to ensure the security of the channels below. Reputation is the final ingredient that the 3DC employs to maintain security while achieving high levels of decentralization. It is aggregated through all three layers of the 3DC, to quantify the ‘validity’ of the 3D block.
Decentralized Staking Pool (L2)
The L2 layer is the core of the 3DC that manages data aggregation and contract processing. This layer also receives shares from the miners on the L3 layer above, in order to accumulate their work and reward the miners collectively. The more shares that are included from the L3 layer, the greater the accumulated Weight and Trust will be for the given 3D block. Therefore, the 3DC incentivises L2 validators to include as many shares as possible to ensure that their 3D block is accepted as the most valid in the 3D chain.
The L2 layer is driven by a ‘Proof-of-Stake’ weighting, that identifies all nodes in the consensus process as contributors, and therefore produces a higher degree of decentralization compared to existing Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocols. The 3DC will require a lower minimum balance in order to stake with than the current PoS protocol.
Decentralized Mining Pool (L3)
Instead of miners having the authority to determine the next block by finding the winning hash, mining will become a group-wide activity forming the L3 layer of the 3DC. Miners who submit hashes to the network perform work that locks the L2 cross links. This provides the infrastructure for a more decentralized consensus process, while also inheriting the positive properties that mining offers.
Peer Discovery
Any blockchain relies on the ability of nodes to connect directly (peer-to-peer) to maintain a decentralized and evenly distributed topology. Therefore, nodes must be able to be discovered by their peers, by being able to accept connection requests. Though this is not a novel concept, it is pivotal to peer-to-peer networks and yet is seldom achievable, due to the need for NAT (Network Address Translator) traversal logic which is why Bitcoin has only a meager 10% of nodes that are discoverable.
Alternatively, Nexus uses the LISP Overlay for ‘NAT traversal’ to maintain higher levels of node availability. LISP uses static Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) that can even be reached when roaming between different networks (WiFi, cell towers, etc.). This gives nodes higher levels of mobility, allowing them to be located anywhere on the internet, behind NATs in residential environments, in cloud providers, and behind mobile carriers while still being discoverable.
Reputation Incentive Structures
Reputation is an important requirement for the functioning of decentralized systems, in order to create a healthy global network. We will implement reputation on all three layers of the 3DC, as a secondary component to Weight to improve the overall Byzantine Fault Tolerance. Of equal importance, reputation can improve the decentralization through incentive structures facilitated through variable rewards to nodes that have earned a higher reputation. Longer term contributors to a system can be awarded a higher reputation, and therefore a higher return for their contribution, giving rise to a long standing view of Nexus that:
“Not everyone has money, but everyone has time”
Learn more about Reputation
Decentralized Solutions
We are currently unaware of any other multi-layered architectural design that combines both PoS and PoW, that integrates the LISP Overlay, that is able to provide data sharding, or any technology similar to that of Signature Chains. Combined with the seven layered Software Stack, the 3DC holds promise to be a highly scalable, secure and decentralized contract engine fit for global adoption.
The Software Stack, set to be released with Tritium, provides an easy to use API interface to build with Contracts that can be used for a variety of decentralized solutions, including the registration of digital assets and certificates, supply chain management, graphic licensing, educational certificates, royalty payments and Securitised Token Offerings (STOs). We envision that this technology will aid in the distribution of resources to more people, so that they can benefit from all the exciting innovations that blockchain is able to provide.
Metatron’s Cube
The architecture of the 3DC is inspired by ‘Metatron’s Cube’ that depicts the five platonic solids, which are geometrical forms that are said to act as a template for all life.
https://nexusearth.com/news/the-three-dimensional-chain-3dc/
Bitcoin is taxed by IRS. If you buy bitcoin and hold it for more than a year, you pay long-term capital gains
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$AXXA owns a direct position in BTC. As BTC growth so will $AXXA shareholder value. $AXXA has been a safer bet to invest in BTC as $AXXA hedges its positions through our transaction platform & assets quoted in BTC. $AXXA Swiss Sub is involved in a # of alt-coins, $AXXA great news pic.twitter.com/iRiis3iHIA
— Exxegroup (@exxegroup) June 26, 2019
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