Monday, November 26, 2012 3:16:11 AM
Animals are already dissolving in Southern Ocean acid
18:00 25 November 2012 by Michael Marshall
In a small patch of the Southern Ocean, the shells of sea snails are dissolving. The finding is the first evidence that marine life is already suffering as a result of man-made ocean acidification.
"This is actually happening now," says Geraint Tarling [ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/contact/staff/profile/1e595b952fd7c6075438b02616174aa0 ] of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, UK. He and colleagues captured free-swimming sea snails called pteropods from the Southern Ocean in early 2008 and found under an electron microscope that the outer layers of their hard shells bore signs of unusual corrosion.
As well as warming the planet, the carbon dioxide we emit is changing the chemistry of the ocean. CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, making the water less alkaline. The pH is currently dropping at about 0.1 per century, faster than any time in the last 300 million years [ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21534-oceans-acidifying-at-unprecedented-speed.html ].
Lab experiments have shown that organisms with hard shells, such as corals and molluscs, will suffer as a result [ http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028083.600-acidic-ocean-robs-coral-of-vital-building-material.html ]. To build their shells, corals and molluscs need to take up calcium carbonate from the water, but more carbonic acid means more hydrogen ions in the water. These react with carbonate ions, making them unavailable to form calcium carbonate [ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14676-climate-change-could-stop-corals-fixing-themselves.html ].
Aragonite shortage
The most vulnerable animals are those, like pteropods, that build their shells entirely from aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate that is very sensitive to extra acidity. By 2050, there will be a severe shortage of aragonite in much of the ocean.
Aragonite is still relatively plentiful in most of the ocean, but Tarling suspected that some regions might already be affected by shortages.
He visited the Southern Ocean near South Georgia where deep water wells up to the surface. This water is naturally low in aragonite, meaning the surface waters it supplies are naturally somewhat low in the mineral – although not so much so that it would normally be a problem. Add in the effect of ocean acidification, however, and Tarling found that the mineral was dangerously sparse at the surface.
"It's of concern that they can see it today," says Toby Tyrrell [ http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/obe/index.php?action=staff_entry&SID=427 ] of the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK.
Aragonite-depleted regions are still rare, but they will become widespread by 2050, says Tarling. The polar oceans will change fastest, with the tropics following a few decades after. "These pockets will start to get larger and larger until they meet," he says.
Tyrrell says the Arctic will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite before the Antarctic. Patches of undersaturation have already been seen [ http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2421-2009 ], for instance off the north coast of Canada in 2008 [ http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1174190 ].
The only way to stop ocean acidification is to reduce our CO2 emissions, Tyrrell says. It has been suggested that we could add megatonnes of lime to the ocean to balance the extra acidity. However, Tyrrell says this is "probably not practical" because the amounts involved – and thus the costs – are enormous.
*
Journal reference:
Extensive dissolution of live pteropods in the Southern Ocean
Nature Geoscience [ http://www.nature.com/ngeo/index.html ], DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1635
Published online 25 November 2012
http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1635.html [and see e.g. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02668.x/abstract ]
*
© Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22531-animals-are-already-dissolving-in-southern-ocean-acid.html [with comments]
---
Antarctic marine wildlife is under threat, study finds
The research took place in the Southern Ocean
Pteropods are an important food source for fish and birds
A pteropod (Limacina helicina antarctica) showing acute levels of shell dissolution
25 November 2012 Last updated at 18:13
Marine snails in seas around Antarctica are being affected by ocean acidification, scientists have found.
An international team of researchers found that the snails' shells are being corroded.
Experts says the findings are significant for predicting the future impact of ocean acidification on marine life.
The results of the study are published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
The marine snails, called "pteropods", are an important link in the oceanic food chain as well as a good indicator of ecosystem health.
"They are a major grazer of phytoplankton and... a key prey item of a number of higher predators - larger plankton, fish, seabirds, whales," said Dr Geraint Tarling, Head of Ocean Ecosystems at the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and co-author of the report.
The study was a combined project involving researchers from the BAS, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the US Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University of East Anglia's school of Environmental Sciences.
Ocean acidification is a result of burning fossil fuels: some of the additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed into oceans.
This process alters the chemistry of the water, making it more acidic.
During a research cruise in the Southern Ocean in 2008, scientists assessed the corrosive effects of upwelled water on pteropod shells.
Upwelling occurs when winds push cold layers of deeper seawater from around 1,000m towards the surface layers.
Seawater from these depths is more corrosive to aragonite, the type of calcium carbonate that forms pteropod shells. The point at which this occurs is known as the "saturation horizon".
"Carbonates in shells dissolve more when temperatures are cold and pressure is high, which are the characteristic properties of the deep ocean," Dr Tarling explained.
Scientists found that the combined effect of increased ocean acidity and natural upwelling meant that in some areas of the Southern Ocean the saturation horizon was around just 200m - the upper layer of the ocean where pteropods live.
Dr Tarling explained the significance of these findings: "The snails do not necessarily die as a result of their shells dissolving, however it may increase their vulnerability to predation and infection, consequently having an impact to other parts of the food web."
He said that although upwelling sites are a natural phenomenon in the Southern Ocean, "instances where they bring the saturation horizon above 200m will become more frequent as ocean acidification intensifies in the coming years".
Interpreting the results
Dr Tarling said the study is "very much... a pilot study" and that it has provided an important body of work regarding "how pteropods will respond to future oceanic conditions".
To date there have been a number of laboratory studies predicting the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms, but none assessing the impacts on live specimens in their natural environment.
"It took us several years even to develop a technique sensitive enough to look at the exterior of the shells under high-power scanning electron microscopes, since the shells are very thin and the dissolution pattern, subtle," commented Dr Tarling.
He went on: "We are now undertaking a much more comprehensive programme completely focussed on the effects of ocean acidification, not just on pteropods but to a wider range of organisms."
*
Related Stories
No deal on Antarctic reserves 01 NOVEMBER 2012, SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20168508
Antarctic may host methane stores 29 AUGUST 2012, SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19410444
Antarctic molluscs 'switch sex' 11 SEPTEMBER 2012, NEWS
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19543557
Related Internet links
British Antarctic Survey
http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/index.php
Around the BBCBBC Wildlife - Antarctic ecozones
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ecozones/Antarctic_ecozone
Ice picks
What is 'pancake ice'?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Polar_region#p00kvp7h
See Antarctica's hostile environment
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Polar_region#p00f5d3k
Watch Antarctica's animal inhabitants
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Polar_region#p00kwjs5
*
BBC © 2012
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20461646
---
Rise of acid ocean eats away base of food chain
Ocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is eating away at the shells of marine snails known as “sea butterflies”, the researchers said.
Shells of tiny sea snails are being eroded as more carbon dioxide is dissolved into seawater
Steve Connor
Sunday 25 November 2012
Rising amounts of carbon dioxide dissolving in the ocean is causing the acid corrosion of tiny sea creatures that form the base of the marine food chain, scientists have discovered.
Ocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is eating away at the shells of marine snails known as “sea butterflies”, the researchers said.
It is the first time that scientists have discovered the visibly acid-damaged shells of critically-important organisms living in the Southern Ocean off Antarctica. The researchers believe it could be a harbinger of worse things to come.
The sea butterflies, also known as pteropod snails, live in the surface layers of the open ocean, grow no bigger than a centimetre across and are part of the floating plankton on which all other fish and marine animals ultimately depend for their survival.
“Pteropods are an important food source for fish and birds as well as a good indicator of ecosystem health,” said Geraint Tarling of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge.
“The tiny snails do not necessarily die as a result of their shells dissolving, however it may increase their vulnerability to predation and infection, consequently having an impact on other parts of the food web,” Dr Tarling said.
In 2008, scientists on board a British scientific research vessel collected samples of pteropod snails from the Scotia Sea in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.
A microscopic analysis of a random sample of live pteropods revealed extensive acid erosion of their shells. It is the first documented case of acid damage to the shells of living wild pteropods, Dr Tarling said.
The scientists also found that the surrounding seawater had relatively low concentrations of a critically important calcium mineral called aragonite which the pteropods need for shell making. Aragonite concentrations fall when the seawater becomes less alkaline – and more acidic.
“The corrosive properties of the water caused shells of live animals to be severely dissolved and this demonstrates how vulnerable pteropods are,” said Nina Bednarsek, formerly of the British Antarctic Survey and now at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
“Ocean acidification resulting from the addition of human-induced carbon dioxide contributed to this dissolution,” said Dr Bednarsek, the lead author of the study, published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
The researchers found the damaged snails over areas of ocean “upwelling”, where cold, nutrient-rich deep water rises to the surface. Pteropods and other plankton congregate over upwelling spots because they are good sources of nutrients and food.
Upwelling is known to have a corrosive effect on marine shells because deep seawater is naturally rich in dissolved carbon dioxide and so, when it rises to the surface, it lowers the concentration of aragonite in the shallower layers of the ocean where pteropods live.
However, the researchers found that the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, has tipped the aragonite balance in favour of the acidic corrosion of the pteropod shells in these upwelling areas.
“We know that the seawater becomes more corrosive to aragonite shells below a certain depth…which occurs around 1,000 metres depth,” Dr Bednarsek said.
“However, at one of our sampling sites, we discovered that this point was reached at 200 metres depth, through a combination of natural upwelling and ocean acidification. Marine snails – pteropods – live in this top layer of the ocean,” she said.
Dr Tarling said that computer modelling identified the role played by man-made carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is causing the acidification of the oceans.
“If we had the carbon dioxide concentrations we had a century or more ago, the conditions wouldn’t have got to the corrosive state that we have observed,” said Dr Tarling.
If carbon dioxide concentrations continue to rise as expected in the coming decades, the areas of the ocean that will become corrosive to shelled creatures will spread over much wider areas, he added.
*
Related articles
Michael McCarthy: These leaks do nothing to undermine the case for man-made global warming
http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/michael-mccarthy-these-leaks-do-nothing-to-undermine-the-case-for-manmade-global-warming-6266362.html
Large areas of open ocean starved of oxygen
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/large-areas-of-open-ocean-starved-of-oxygen-7278926.html
Record rise in greenhouse gases
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/record-rise-in-greenhouse-gases-6265856.html
Father of climate change: 2C limit is not enough
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/father-of-climate-change-2c-limit-is-not-enough-6273721.html
Leading article: Chilling facts on global warming
http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-chilling-facts-on-global-warming-6257409.html
*
© independent.co.uk
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/rise-of-acid-ocean-eats-away-base-of-food-chain-8348892.html [with comments]
---
(linked in) http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=81707070 and preceding and following
18:00 25 November 2012 by Michael Marshall
In a small patch of the Southern Ocean, the shells of sea snails are dissolving. The finding is the first evidence that marine life is already suffering as a result of man-made ocean acidification.
"This is actually happening now," says Geraint Tarling [ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/contact/staff/profile/1e595b952fd7c6075438b02616174aa0 ] of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge, UK. He and colleagues captured free-swimming sea snails called pteropods from the Southern Ocean in early 2008 and found under an electron microscope that the outer layers of their hard shells bore signs of unusual corrosion.
As well as warming the planet, the carbon dioxide we emit is changing the chemistry of the ocean. CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, making the water less alkaline. The pH is currently dropping at about 0.1 per century, faster than any time in the last 300 million years [ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21534-oceans-acidifying-at-unprecedented-speed.html ].
Lab experiments have shown that organisms with hard shells, such as corals and molluscs, will suffer as a result [ http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028083.600-acidic-ocean-robs-coral-of-vital-building-material.html ]. To build their shells, corals and molluscs need to take up calcium carbonate from the water, but more carbonic acid means more hydrogen ions in the water. These react with carbonate ions, making them unavailable to form calcium carbonate [ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14676-climate-change-could-stop-corals-fixing-themselves.html ].
Aragonite shortage
The most vulnerable animals are those, like pteropods, that build their shells entirely from aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate that is very sensitive to extra acidity. By 2050, there will be a severe shortage of aragonite in much of the ocean.
Aragonite is still relatively plentiful in most of the ocean, but Tarling suspected that some regions might already be affected by shortages.
He visited the Southern Ocean near South Georgia where deep water wells up to the surface. This water is naturally low in aragonite, meaning the surface waters it supplies are naturally somewhat low in the mineral – although not so much so that it would normally be a problem. Add in the effect of ocean acidification, however, and Tarling found that the mineral was dangerously sparse at the surface.
"It's of concern that they can see it today," says Toby Tyrrell [ http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/obe/index.php?action=staff_entry&SID=427 ] of the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK.
Aragonite-depleted regions are still rare, but they will become widespread by 2050, says Tarling. The polar oceans will change fastest, with the tropics following a few decades after. "These pockets will start to get larger and larger until they meet," he says.
Tyrrell says the Arctic will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite before the Antarctic. Patches of undersaturation have already been seen [ http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2421-2009 ], for instance off the north coast of Canada in 2008 [ http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1174190 ].
The only way to stop ocean acidification is to reduce our CO2 emissions, Tyrrell says. It has been suggested that we could add megatonnes of lime to the ocean to balance the extra acidity. However, Tyrrell says this is "probably not practical" because the amounts involved – and thus the costs – are enormous.
*
Journal reference:
Extensive dissolution of live pteropods in the Southern Ocean
Nature Geoscience [ http://www.nature.com/ngeo/index.html ], DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1635
Published online 25 November 2012
http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1635.html [and see e.g. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02668.x/abstract ]
*
© Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22531-animals-are-already-dissolving-in-southern-ocean-acid.html [with comments]
---
Antarctic marine wildlife is under threat, study finds
The research took place in the Southern Ocean
Pteropods are an important food source for fish and birds
A pteropod (Limacina helicina antarctica) showing acute levels of shell dissolution
25 November 2012 Last updated at 18:13
Marine snails in seas around Antarctica are being affected by ocean acidification, scientists have found.
An international team of researchers found that the snails' shells are being corroded.
Experts says the findings are significant for predicting the future impact of ocean acidification on marine life.
The results of the study are published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
The marine snails, called "pteropods", are an important link in the oceanic food chain as well as a good indicator of ecosystem health.
"They are a major grazer of phytoplankton and... a key prey item of a number of higher predators - larger plankton, fish, seabirds, whales," said Dr Geraint Tarling, Head of Ocean Ecosystems at the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and co-author of the report.
The study was a combined project involving researchers from the BAS, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the US Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University of East Anglia's school of Environmental Sciences.
Ocean acidification is a result of burning fossil fuels: some of the additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed into oceans.
This process alters the chemistry of the water, making it more acidic.
During a research cruise in the Southern Ocean in 2008, scientists assessed the corrosive effects of upwelled water on pteropod shells.
Upwelling occurs when winds push cold layers of deeper seawater from around 1,000m towards the surface layers.
Seawater from these depths is more corrosive to aragonite, the type of calcium carbonate that forms pteropod shells. The point at which this occurs is known as the "saturation horizon".
"Carbonates in shells dissolve more when temperatures are cold and pressure is high, which are the characteristic properties of the deep ocean," Dr Tarling explained.
Scientists found that the combined effect of increased ocean acidity and natural upwelling meant that in some areas of the Southern Ocean the saturation horizon was around just 200m - the upper layer of the ocean where pteropods live.
Dr Tarling explained the significance of these findings: "The snails do not necessarily die as a result of their shells dissolving, however it may increase their vulnerability to predation and infection, consequently having an impact to other parts of the food web."
He said that although upwelling sites are a natural phenomenon in the Southern Ocean, "instances where they bring the saturation horizon above 200m will become more frequent as ocean acidification intensifies in the coming years".
Interpreting the results
Dr Tarling said the study is "very much... a pilot study" and that it has provided an important body of work regarding "how pteropods will respond to future oceanic conditions".
To date there have been a number of laboratory studies predicting the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms, but none assessing the impacts on live specimens in their natural environment.
"It took us several years even to develop a technique sensitive enough to look at the exterior of the shells under high-power scanning electron microscopes, since the shells are very thin and the dissolution pattern, subtle," commented Dr Tarling.
He went on: "We are now undertaking a much more comprehensive programme completely focussed on the effects of ocean acidification, not just on pteropods but to a wider range of organisms."
*
Related Stories
No deal on Antarctic reserves 01 NOVEMBER 2012, SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20168508
Antarctic may host methane stores 29 AUGUST 2012, SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19410444
Antarctic molluscs 'switch sex' 11 SEPTEMBER 2012, NEWS
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/19543557
Related Internet links
British Antarctic Survey
http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/index.php
Around the BBCBBC Wildlife - Antarctic ecozones
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/ecozones/Antarctic_ecozone
Ice picks
What is 'pancake ice'?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Polar_region#p00kvp7h
See Antarctica's hostile environment
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Polar_region#p00f5d3k
Watch Antarctica's animal inhabitants
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Polar_region#p00kwjs5
*
BBC © 2012
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/20461646
---
Rise of acid ocean eats away base of food chain
Ocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is eating away at the shells of marine snails known as “sea butterflies”, the researchers said.
Shells of tiny sea snails are being eroded as more carbon dioxide is dissolved into seawater
Steve Connor
Sunday 25 November 2012
Rising amounts of carbon dioxide dissolving in the ocean is causing the acid corrosion of tiny sea creatures that form the base of the marine food chain, scientists have discovered.
Ocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is eating away at the shells of marine snails known as “sea butterflies”, the researchers said.
It is the first time that scientists have discovered the visibly acid-damaged shells of critically-important organisms living in the Southern Ocean off Antarctica. The researchers believe it could be a harbinger of worse things to come.
The sea butterflies, also known as pteropod snails, live in the surface layers of the open ocean, grow no bigger than a centimetre across and are part of the floating plankton on which all other fish and marine animals ultimately depend for their survival.
“Pteropods are an important food source for fish and birds as well as a good indicator of ecosystem health,” said Geraint Tarling of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge.
“The tiny snails do not necessarily die as a result of their shells dissolving, however it may increase their vulnerability to predation and infection, consequently having an impact on other parts of the food web,” Dr Tarling said.
In 2008, scientists on board a British scientific research vessel collected samples of pteropod snails from the Scotia Sea in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.
A microscopic analysis of a random sample of live pteropods revealed extensive acid erosion of their shells. It is the first documented case of acid damage to the shells of living wild pteropods, Dr Tarling said.
The scientists also found that the surrounding seawater had relatively low concentrations of a critically important calcium mineral called aragonite which the pteropods need for shell making. Aragonite concentrations fall when the seawater becomes less alkaline – and more acidic.
“The corrosive properties of the water caused shells of live animals to be severely dissolved and this demonstrates how vulnerable pteropods are,” said Nina Bednarsek, formerly of the British Antarctic Survey and now at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
“Ocean acidification resulting from the addition of human-induced carbon dioxide contributed to this dissolution,” said Dr Bednarsek, the lead author of the study, published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
The researchers found the damaged snails over areas of ocean “upwelling”, where cold, nutrient-rich deep water rises to the surface. Pteropods and other plankton congregate over upwelling spots because they are good sources of nutrients and food.
Upwelling is known to have a corrosive effect on marine shells because deep seawater is naturally rich in dissolved carbon dioxide and so, when it rises to the surface, it lowers the concentration of aragonite in the shallower layers of the ocean where pteropods live.
However, the researchers found that the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, has tipped the aragonite balance in favour of the acidic corrosion of the pteropod shells in these upwelling areas.
“We know that the seawater becomes more corrosive to aragonite shells below a certain depth…which occurs around 1,000 metres depth,” Dr Bednarsek said.
“However, at one of our sampling sites, we discovered that this point was reached at 200 metres depth, through a combination of natural upwelling and ocean acidification. Marine snails – pteropods – live in this top layer of the ocean,” she said.
Dr Tarling said that computer modelling identified the role played by man-made carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is causing the acidification of the oceans.
“If we had the carbon dioxide concentrations we had a century or more ago, the conditions wouldn’t have got to the corrosive state that we have observed,” said Dr Tarling.
If carbon dioxide concentrations continue to rise as expected in the coming decades, the areas of the ocean that will become corrosive to shelled creatures will spread over much wider areas, he added.
*
Related articles
Michael McCarthy: These leaks do nothing to undermine the case for man-made global warming
http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/michael-mccarthy-these-leaks-do-nothing-to-undermine-the-case-for-manmade-global-warming-6266362.html
Large areas of open ocean starved of oxygen
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/large-areas-of-open-ocean-starved-of-oxygen-7278926.html
Record rise in greenhouse gases
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/record-rise-in-greenhouse-gases-6265856.html
Father of climate change: 2C limit is not enough
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/father-of-climate-change-2c-limit-is-not-enough-6273721.html
Leading article: Chilling facts on global warming
http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-chilling-facts-on-global-warming-6257409.html
*
© independent.co.uk
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/rise-of-acid-ocean-eats-away-base-of-food-chain-8348892.html [with comments]
---
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