Newspapers proclaimed that hundreds of starships would soon venture out into the cosmos. People dreamed of moon colonies that were just a few years away. Ordinary citizens organized competitions to build rockets to reach the edge of space.
Welcome to Russia in the 1920s.
America’s fascination with space grew up in the 1950s and ’60s. But the Russians had already beaten us to it a generation earlier, during the world’s first space craze. The entire country seemed to become captivated by the idea of interplanetary travel.
Between 1921 and 1932, Russian media published nearly 250 articles and more than 30 nonfiction books about spaceflight. In contrast, only two nonfiction works on the subject appeared in the U.S during same period. Despite the huge technological hurdles, ordinary Soviet citizens were convinced that routine spaceflight was just around the corner.
“In the 1920s, the line between lunar aspirations and lunacy was often invisible,” wrote historian Asif A. Siddiqi [ http://faculty.fordham.edu/siddiqi/Asif_Siddiqi/Welcome.html ] of Fordham University in New York, in a 2008 paper in the science history journal OSIRIS describing this remarkable period in Russian history.
On the 51st anniversary of Yuri Gagarin [ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/sts1/gagarin_anniversary.html ] becoming the first human to reach space, it’s logical to look back to the famous Space Race between the U.S. and Russia. But the space fad that came before it is in some ways even more interesting.
Russians have long had a spiritual fascination with space. For centuries, the people told parables, folk tales, and myths about space travel. A mystical early-20th century Russian philosophy known as Cosmism [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cosmism ] wanted humans to travel into the universe, recover the ashes of the deceased, resurrect the dead, and settle throughout the cosmos.
Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and the end of World War I, the 1920s were a hopeful period for many Soviet citizens. People wanted to come together and help build a utopian socialist society.
Robert Goddard at a chalkboard at Clark University in 1924.
This led Russians to rediscover their own homegrown rocket scientist, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky [ http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/konstantin-tsiolkovsky.html ], who in 1903 produced the first mathematical calculations indicating that spaceflight was possible. Tsiolkovsky’s work was republished in 1924, and sparked many newspaper stories about the imminent rockets and spaceships that would be carrying people into space.
Soviet citizens were convinced that Robert Goddard was planning to launch a rocket to the moon (he had earlier speculated about such a mission, though no real plans existed). Mars was in opposition — coming closer to Earth than it had been in hundreds of years. And Moscow university students formed the world’s first spaceflight advocacy group, the Obshchestva Izucheniia Mezhplanetnykh Soobshchenii (Society for the Study of Interplanetary Communication).
The Society brought together workers, scientists, and inventors to work on ideas for living in space and traveling to other planets. One prominent member, Fridrikh Arturovich Tsander, constructed a lightweight greenhouse intended to supply fresh vegetables to space travelers and worked on a new kind of aircraft engine that could breach the atmosphere.
Like many other Society members, Tsander was a utopian who believed that mankind’s destiny was the stars. He traveled around Russia giving speeches about how “[a]stronomy, more than the other sciences, calls upon man to unite for a longer and happier life,” and that people living on the moon “could probably construct a habitation in which living conditions would be much better than on the Earth.”
The biggest impact the Society had was in bringing the idea of spaceflight to the masses. In May of 1924, they organized a lecture by engineer Mikhail Lapirov-Skoblo called “Interplanetary Communications — How Modern Science and Technology Solves This Question.” (“Interplanetary communications” was then a common phrase for “interplanetary travel.”)
Tickets to the event sold out two days prior and, on the day of the talk, the police had to be called in to control the frenzied mass of people jockeying to attend. The lecture sought to do away with the older, mystical notions of spaceflight and embrace a modern, scientific version. Lapirov-Skoblo ended his speech by calling on the Soviet people to build rocket engines to “transform into reality the centuries-old dream of flight into space.”
Further lectures and debates were held in Leningrad, Kharkov, Ryazan, Tula, Saratov, and elsewhere, disseminating the dream of space exploration all over the country.
Popular media also helped feed the space craze. Aleksei Tolstoi’s best-selling novel Aelita: Zakat Marsa (Aelita: Sunset of Mars), first published in serialized form in 1922–23, told the story of a Russian engineer who travels to Mars and incites a proletarian revolution among the bourgeois Martians. The titular Aelita, queen of Mars, helps the protagonist and later falls in love with him.
A silent movie based on the book came out in 1924. It was preceded by a viral ad campaign in the Russian newspapers Pravda and Kinogazeta: “What is the meaning of mysterious signals received by radio stations around the world? Find out on September 30!” The mob on the movie’s opening night was so large that even the movie’s director, Iakov Protazanov, couldn’t attend.
The film was a success, and featured exotic sets, a glamorous princess, interplanetary travel, and some pretty spectacular special effects for the time. (These days, you can watch it [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qL6hG1erfFo ] in nine parts on Youtube.)
In 1927, Russian organizers put on the world’s earliest international exhibition on space travel. The fair, named the “World’s First Exhibition of Models of Interplanetary Apparatus, Mechanisms, Instruments, and Historical Materials,” opened in Moscow, not far from one of the city’s biggest thoroughfares. Between 10,000 and 12,000 attendees visited the fair in over two months. At its entrance, visitors encountered an elaborate display of an imagined planetary landscape behind a large pane of glass.
It featured a hypothetical planet with blue vegetation and orange soil crisscrossed by straight canals. From the sky descended a giant silver rocket, while a space-suited astronaut stood at the edge of a crater. The exhibition’s organizer, Mikhail Popov, said that in entering the fair, he felt as if he had “crossed over the threshold of one epoch to another, into the space [era].”
Visitors, which included schoolchildren, workers, artists, scientists, and poets, wrote their impressions of the exposition in a book of comments. One attendee, reporter S. G. Vortkin, was so caught up in what he saw that he wrote in the fair’s guest book, “I am going to accompany you on the first flight. I am quite serious about this. As soon as I heard what you had done, I tried in every way to make certain that you would take me with you. Please do not refuse my request.”
By the end of the 1920s, the Russian space fad was nearing its end. The Soviet government refused to officially support the Society for the Study of Interplanetary Communication, citing the lack of scientific knowledge among its members.
When people discovered that their dreams of rockets and spaceships were years, if not decades, away, their interest waned. Eventually, widespread poverty and the growing Stalinist purges began to erase the idea from most people’s minds.
But this craze helped plant the seeds of Russia’s eventual early dominance in the space race. The first generation of Soviet space engineers, such as Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko, came of age during this time. The rocket designer Vladimir Chelomei named his proposed mission to send people to Mars Aelita, after the movie he had watched as a 10 year old.
Though the U.S. frantically played catch-up after the launch of the satellite Sputnik in 1957 and Gagarin’s historic flight in 1961, and eventually placed the first people on the moon, the Russian people had been there long before, if only in their dreams.
Lockheed Martin claims breakthrough on nuclear fusion
Lockheed Martin, the American defense contractor, has claimed a major breakthrough in nuclear fusion as an energy source. The company said it would build and test a compact fusion reactor in less than a year.
Lockheed Martin said Wednesday it was developing a compact power source based on nuclear fusion that was 10 times smaller than any existing fusion reactor.
"Our compact fusion concept combines several alternative magnetic confinement approaches, taking the best parts of each, and offers a 90 percent size reduction over previous concepts," said Tom McGuire, head of the Skunk Works' Revolutionary Technology Programs.
While the company did not go into more detail online about what such an energy source might look like, the Reuters news agency, citing McGuire, said Lockheed Martin had shown it could build a 100-megawatt reactor measuring seven feet by 10 feet (two meters by three meters) - small enough to fit on the back of a large truck.
McGuire noted that Lockheed Martin was now going public to find potential partners in industry and government for their work.
Reuters cited McGuire as saying the reactor would use deuterium-tritium fuel, which can generate nearly 10 million times more energy than the same amount of fossil fuel.
While both processes release enormous amounts of energy, fusion power has its advantages. The supply of hydrogen for fuel is virtually unlimited because seawater can be used, for one, and fusion power does not require the long-term storage of radioactive waste.
uhe/cjc (Reuters, lockheedmartin.com)
DW recommends
How will electricity be generated in a hundred years’ time?
German researchers believe that nuclear fusion can create a constant source of energy. They are so convinced that they're building a massive research reactor that generates power in the same way it's made on the sun. (17.03.2010) http://www.dw.de/recreating-the-suns-energy-in-a-hamster-wheel/a-5345233
The developments in nuclear fusion are exciting, and seem to me, in any optimistic view, to give a boost to Paul Krugman's present positions on renewables/new technology and future growth as compared to positions held by such as those of the Post Carbon Institute .. who are very critical of Krugman here ..
Paul Krugman’s Errors and Omissions
by Richard Heinberg, originally published by Post Carbon Institute | Sep 22, 2014
In a New York Times op-ed published September 18 titled “Errors and Emissions .. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/opinion/paul-krugman-could-fighting-global-warming-be-cheap-and-free.html,” economist-columnist Paul Krugman took a swipe at my organization, Post Carbon Institute, lumping us together with the Koch brothers as purveyors of “climate despair.” No, the Koch brothers are not in despair about the climate; apparently our shared error is that we say fighting climate change and growing the economy are incompatible. And, according to Krugman, a new report .. http://newclimateeconomy.report/ .. from the New Climate Economy Project (NCEP) and a working paper .. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14174.pdf .. from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) show that the falling cost of renewable energy means this is happily not the case.
But in our view Krugman himself is guilty of five critical errors, and three equally serious omissions. First the errors:
1. He mistakes post-growth realism for anti-growth activism. While Krugman linked to my book The End of Growth .. http://www.resilience.org/book/364387-the-end-of-growth, it seems he may not have actually read it. If he had he would understand that we are not advocating the deliberate termination of growth that could otherwise be easily sustained; rather, we see clear evidence that growth is ending of its own accord because our economy is hitting biophysical limits at a speed and scale that are outpacing humanity’s ability to adapt. The most critical limit to economic growth is the availability of affordable fossil fuels, those extraordinary resources around which we’ve organized the entire global economy (and its hundreds of trillions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure) over the last century. Economists do generally recognize this limit, but summarily dismiss it as a problem seamlessly fixable by the market. .. more .. http://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-09-22/paul-krugman-s-errors-and-omissions#
The latter one has been on tab for a few days, i couldn't figure whether just to toss it or not and now with the fusion one, i hope, lol, gives it a bit of better reason for posting it.
News 
Market Data 
Discover 
