United States Environmental Protection Agency Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles hydrogen Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) are similar to electric vehicles (EVs) in that they use an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine to power the wheels. However, while EVs run on batteries that must be plugged in to recharge, FCVs generate their electricity onboard. In a fuel cell, hydrogen (H2) gas from the vehicle’s fuel tank combines with oxygen (O2) from the air to generate electricity with only water and heat as byproducts of the process. https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles
Space Applications of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells At Launch Pad 39B at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, liquid hydrogen tank that supported space shuttle launches for 30 years have been sandblasted, repaired and repainted. Along with the liquid oxygen storage vessel, the two tanks are designed to store super-cold propellants. They were refurbished to support NASA’s Space Launch System rocket and other launch vehicles. https://www.nasa.gov/content/space-applications-of-hydrogen-and-fuel-cells
United States Department of Energy HYDROGEN STRATEGY [ 1 ]HYDROGEN STRATEGY Enabling A Low-Carbon Economy Introduction This document summarizes current hydrogen technologies and communicates the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy's (FE’s) strategic plan to accelerate research, development, and deployment of hydrogen technologies in the United States. It also describes ongoing FE hydrogen-related research and development (R&D). Hydrogen produced from fossil fuels is a versatile energy carrier and can play an important role in a transition to a low- carbon economy. Hydrogen (H2) is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, and it only occurs naturally on Earth when combined with other elements. Hydrogen, like electricity, is an energy carrier (fuel) that can be used to store, move, and deliver energy produced from other sources. It can be produced without a carbon footprint from a variety of sources, including natural gas, coal, biomass, waste materials (i.e., plastics), or splitting water molecules. Gasification of fossil fuels with biomass and plastics is expected to be the lowest-cost route to providing carbon negative hydrogen when using carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/07/f76/USDOE_FE_Hydrogen_Strategy_July2020.pdf
NASA Today, liquid hydrogen is the signature fuel of the American space program and is used by other countries in the business of launching satellites. In addition to the Atlas, Boeing's Delta III and Delta IV now have liquid-oxygen/liquid-hydrogen upper stages. This propellant combination is also burned in the main engine of the Space Shuttle. One of the significant challenges for the European Space Agency was to develop a liquid-hydrogen stage for the Ariane rocket in the 1970s. The Soviet Union did not even test a liquid-hydrogen upper stage until the mid-1980s. The Russians are now designing their Angara launch vehicle family with liquid-hydrogen upper stages. Lack of Soviet liquid-hydrogen technology proved a serious handicap in the race of the two superpowers to the Moon.4 Taming liquid hydrogen is one of the significant technical achievements of twentieth century American rocketry. https://www.nasa.gov/topics/technology/hydrogen/hydrogen_fuel_of_choice.html#:~:text=Today%2C%20liquid%20hydrogen%20is%20the%20signature%20fuel%20of,in%20the%20main%20engine%20of%20the%20Space%20Shuttle.
Hydrogen Production and Uses (Updated September 2020) Hydrogen directly from nuclear heat he US Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) launched in 1999 was refocused in 2004 to include the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI), allied to the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) programme established in 2005. NGNP envisaged construction and operation of a prototype high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) and associated electricity or hydrogen production facilities by 2021, but funding was cut back under the Obama administration and prelicensing activities were suspended in 2013. Under an International NERI agreement, Sandia National Laboratories in the USA and the French CEA with General Atomics in the USA were also developing the IS process with a view to using high-temperature reactors for it. They had built and operated a laboratory-scale loop for thermochemical water-splitting. South Korea has also demonstrated thermochemical water-splitting at laboratory scale, supported by General Atomics. In December 2008, the ROK Atomic Energy Commission officially approved nuclear hydrogen development as a national programme, with the development of key and basic technologies through 2017 and the goal of demonstrating nuclear hydrogen production using the S-I process and a very high-temperature reactor (VHTR) by 2026. The economics of hydrogen production depend on the efficiency of the method used. The IS cycle coupled to a modular high temperature reactor is expected to produce hydrogen at about $2.00/kg. The oxygen byproduct also has value. General Atomics earlier projected $1.53/kg based on a 2400 MWt HTR operating at 850°C with 42% overall efficiency, and $1.42/kg at 950°C and 52% efficiency (both 10.5% discount rate). Such a plant could produce 800 tonnes of hydrogen per day. For thermochemical processes an overall efficiency of greater than 50% is projected. https://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=162111693
Modern reactors are safer
Today’s reactor designs also have far more safety features than older installations. These range from duplicate emergency cooling systems to prevent overheating even if some systems fail, through to so-called “core catchers” that would contain the reactor core in a worst-case meltdown event.
Some designs will cool passively in the event of a loss of power to the cooling circuit (as happened at Fukushima). The heat from the core will gradually dissipate from the walls of the pressure vessel and through the cooling circuit by convection. The reactors that are being constructed today benefit from 60 years of experience gained in the design and operation of nuclear power plants around the world.
But future reactor technologies –- so-called “Gen IV” designs – offer even better inherent safety. One of their key features are fully passive cooling systems so the reactor is never dependent on external power for safety. The reactor is carefully designed so that overheating actually reduces, rather than increases, the power output of the core. The core and cooling systems are not pressurised, and using liquids other than water for cooling prevents the risk of creating hydrogen: both of which drastically reduce the risk of explosions as occurred at Fukushima. Power plant of the future. Idaho National Laboratory/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY
Nuclear Power is the Most Reliable Energy Source and It's Not Even Close March 24, 2021 Nuclear energy is America’s work horse. It’s been rolling up its sleeves for six decades now to provide constant, reliable, carbon-free power to millions of Americans. Just how reliable has nuclear energy been? It has roughly supplied a fifth of America’s power each year since 1990. To better understand what makes nuclear so reliable, take a look at the graph below.
As you can see, nuclear energy has by far the highest capacity factor of any other energy source. This basically means nuclear power plants are producing maximum power more than 93% of the time during the year. That’s about 1.5 to 2 times more as natural gas and coal units, and 2.5 to 3.5 times more reliable than wind and solar plants.
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