Free Radical Production, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Patients Treated With Titanium Mandibular Fixations—An Observational Study
The study led us to the conclusion that titanium mandible implants increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhance free radical generation in the periosteum covering titanium miniplates and miniscrews. Additionally, exposure to Ti6Al4V titanium alloy induces apoptosis in the mandible periosteum. However, no clinical signs of the said phenomena have been observed.
Evaluation of Titanium Serum Levels in Patients After Spine Instrumentation: Comparison Between Posterolateral and 360º Spinal Fusion Surgery
Blood titanium levels prior to surgery were similar to those in other publications (0.7449 micrograms per liter-1 (µgL-1), Standard Deviation (SD)=0.562). The average titanium concentration levels found after surgery was 2.5406 µgL-1 (SD=3,69), near 3.5-fold increase. After surgery, there was a significant mean increase in serum titanium levels of 1.7957 µgL-1 (SD=3.5765, Range=-0.57 µgL-1; 14.60 µgL-1).
3.5 fold increase in titanium levels after 1 year with titanium spinal instrumentation.