Replies to post #324909 on Avid Bioservices Inc (CDMO)

[biopharm]

Also other uses that help create new optimization techniques for alternative energy and I have made this point before but it is clear that the new knowledge learned regarding flipped PS and how it effects protein pathways ....will help further alternative energy research / production / water contamination / etc etc

Basically, we have no clue about the Oncologie contract and CDMO CEO Lias even saying "residual value..." just may be a way to limit retail jumping in (also evident with the Breadcrumb upfront money ) which does nothing for the pps at this time ...but all places CDMO in legal view for not adhering to full disclosure / fiduciary Duties, especially after all they received in certified letters requesting an open bidding system.

I hear ROTH gets paid for the "more" validation by key experts and KOLs and we also are not seeing that fair opinion/assessment report by ROTH

This becomes very important to understand, how important Biomarkers data is today that is being collected like the data with Peregrine collaborator Epiontis and Precision for Medicine, and if all have been reading along constantly, it is clear that the answers to "not fully understood " are becoming early known by assessing protein Pathways and Peregrine Pharmaceuticals now CDMO BODs may have purposely avoided the showing how valuable the Biomarker can be to cancer and all areas where the IP of PS Targeting can greatly benefit.

From wastewater treatment to alternative energy to the lifesaving treatment across hundreds of autoimmune diseases and all cancers

Flipped PS exists in plants, animals and humans and electron transport chain is key.

Alternative oxidase: a respiratory electron transport chain pathway essential for maintaining photosynthetic performance during drought stress.

Review article
Vanlerberghe GC, et al. Physiol Plant. 2016.
Show full citation

Abstract
Photosynthesis and respiration are the hubs of energy metabolism in plants. Drought strongly perturbs photosynthesis as a result of both diffusive limitations resulting from stomatal closure, and in some cases biochemical limitations that are associated with a reduced abundance of key photosynthetic components. The effects of drought on respiration, particularly respiration in the light (RL ), are less understood. The plant mitochondrial electron transport chain includes a non-energy conserving terminal oxidase called alternative oxidase (AOX). Several studies have shown that drought increases AOX transcript, protein and maximum capacity. Here we review recent studies comparing wild-type (WT) tobacco to transgenic lines with altered AOX protein amount. Specifically during drought, RL was compromised in AOX knockdown plants and enhanced in AOX overexpression plants, compared with WT. Significantly, these differences in RL were accompanied by dramatic differences in photosynthetic performance. Knockdown of AOX increased the susceptibility of photosynthesis to drought-induced biochemical limitations, while overexpression of AOX delayed the development of such biochemical limitations, compared with WT. Overall, the results indicate that AOX is essential to maintaining RL during drought, and that this non-energy conserving respiration maintains photosynthesis during drought by promoting energy balance in the chloroplast. This review also outlines several areas for future research, including the possibility that enhancement of non-energy conserving respiratory electron sinks may be a useful biotechnological approach to increase plant performance during stress.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27080742/

Electron-Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps
...
...
...
Protons are also special with respect to electron transport. Whenever a molecule is reduced by acquiring an electron, the electron (e -) brings with it a negative charge. In many cases, this charge is rapidly neutralized by the addition of a proton (H+) from water, so that the net effect of the reduction is to transfer an entire hydrogen atom, H+ + e - (Figure 14-20B). Similarly, when a molecule is oxidized, a hydrogen atom removed from it can be readily dissociated into its constituent electron and proton—allowing the electron to be transferred separately to a molecule that accepts electrons, while the proton is passed to the water.
..
...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26904/

Phosphatidylethanolamine deficiency in Mammalian mitochondria impairs oxidative phosphorylation and alters mitochondrial morphology.

Tasseva G, et al. J Biol Chem. 2013.

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders, but the role of phospholipids, particularly the nonbilayer-forming lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in mitochondrial function is poorly understood. Elimination of mitochondrial PE (mtPE) synthesis via phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in mice profoundly alters mitochondrial morphology and is embryonic lethal (Steenbergen, R., Nanowski, T. S., Beigneux, A., Kulinski, A., Young, S. G., and Vance, J. E. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40032-40040). We now report that moderate <30% depletion of mtPE alters mitochondrial morphology and function and impairs cell growth. Acute reduction of mtPE by RNAi silencing of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase and chronic reduction of mtPE in PSB-2 cells that have only 5% of normal phosphatidylserine synthesis decreased respiratory capacity, ATP production, and activities of electron transport chain complexes (C) I and CIV but not CV.
...
....
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23250747/

Formation and Regulation of Mitochondrial Membranes

Laila Cigana Schenkel and Marica Bakovic

Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1

Received 17 September 2013; Revised 4 November 2013; Accepted 5 November 2013; Published 22 January 2014

Academic Editor: Katia Aquilano
....
....


Abstract

Mitochondrial membrane phospholipids are essential for the mitochondrial architecture, the activity of respiratory proteins, and the transport of proteins into the mitochondria. The accumulation of phospholipids within mitochondria depends on a coordinate synthesis, degradation, and trafficking of phospholipids between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria as well as intramitochondrial lipid trafficking. Several studies highlight the contribution of dietary fatty acids to the remodeling of phospholipids and mitochondrial membrane homeostasis. Understanding the role of phospholipids in the mitochondrial membrane and their metabolism will shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function and in the mitochondrial-related diseases.

1. Introduction
Mitochondria are involved in a wide range of cellular processes of importance for cell survival. The inner mitochondrial membrane is the active site for the electron transport chain and ATP production. Its integrity is crucial for mitochondrial function and depends on the supply of proteins and phospholipids. As one of the major classes of lipids in the lipid bilayer of cell and organelle membranes, phospholipids are responsible for maintaining both the structural integrity of a cell and spatial separation of subcellular compartments. The major classes of phospholipids found in the mitochondrial membrane are similar to other membranes such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and some are exclusively components of mitochondrial membrane such as cardiolipin (CL) [1].

The interaction between phospholipids and proteins is important particularly in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
....
...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcb/2014/709828/