Since the beginning of this century, electric vehicles show explosive development trend. Europe, Japan, the United States and China, the four major groups in a short period of time together to force the electric car to replace the traditional fuel vehicle launched the final charge.
At present, the global auto giants are racking their brains to compete for electric car battlefield, all resorted to all efforts to gain access to the future of electric vehicle technology leadership, in this race, although China in 2015 to replace the United States to become the world's new energy car sales rankings in the world In 2016 this advantage is further expanded, but this is only because the government's subsidy policy to stimulate the results, the number of advantages does not mean that the technical leader, the Chinese auto companies in the core technology but not too much Achievements and major breakthroughs, Europe is also the mainstream of the main electric car technology, there are two branches of Japanese and the United States Department. At present, the global electric car market colorful, many brands contests, but all in the sale of pure electric vehicle products to follow nothing more than two very different technical routes, the two routes to build the future of electric vehicles have a completely different ecosystem Different judgments and design strategies, resulting in two distinct technical systems.
1. Japanese technology route represented by Nissan hear the wind, also known as pure electric vehicle version 1.0 or the first generation of electric vehicles. Characterized by:
? it comes from Japan's best at the hybrid car, which has a hybrid car's creative logic and "birthmark."
? Nissan hear the wind technology program that the cost of manufacturing and mileage in the two options, should be more inclined to lower manufacturing costs, and sacrifice a longer life mileage, which is the same with the idea of ??hybrid cars. Therefore, take the electric car should not be excessive loading of the battery capacity, 20 ~ 25kwh enough, though the mileage is not more than 200 km, but the price is expected to compress the vehicle twice with the following specification fuel vehicles, so as to Accepted by the tolerant market.
? The electric car's power output should be the same as the same type of fuel vehicles, install 1.6L engine A-class car to switch to electricity as a driving force, conversion of the single-speed motor than the maximum output power should reach 80KW or so. In this context, with about 20kwh battery to drive the maximum power of 80kw or so of the motor, it must continue the hybrid car program using a magnification type battery, the battery discharge rate characteristics should reach 10C.
? energy supply mode should choose fast charge mode, and the smaller reserves of the battery technology is more likely to achieve fast charge, the target is 10 minutes can be filled with 80%, so you can make up for the shortcomings of the mileage.
This is the Nissan hear the wind (electric vehicle version 1.0) complete technical system. China in addition to BYD outside the vast majority of car prices in the Nissan after the advent of the wind are invariably used with the fuel vehicle to follow the same strategy, have accepted the Nissan hear the wind of the technical program, and the products are also Nissan Feng Feng imitation version The
This technology system is feasible, depending on the two conditions: First, 10 minutes fast charge technology to achieve a breakthrough. If so, this technical system is perfect. Second, the battery life is enough to make vehicles traveling 300,000 km, to achieve the battery and vehicle life.
Therefore, the four major car prices in Japan and more than a dozen professional companies since 2008 to set up fast charge association, and set up more than one billion US dollars of fast charge technology development fund, unfortunately, after six years of research and development, burning ten After hundreds of millions of dollars, it has been proved that the high current charge can not match the current through the battery conductor, the electrolyte, the diaphragm and the pole, and can not prevent the damage caused by the battery. The fast charge is not technically feasible ( At present, China's car prices and Tesla provided by the fast charge mode, is not really meaningful fast charge, but the speed of charging). Therefore, Japan's fast charge association disintegrated in 2014, and led to the Japanese car prices once abandoned the development of lithium car and turned to the main fuel cell vehicles.
And the battery mileage is a charge mileage and battery cycle cycle of the product, in the mileage of less than 200 km under the premise of the same cycle times can achieve the battery mileage is very low. Nissan in the wind in Tokyo, 150 taxi less than 3 years, life mileage on the decay to dozens of kilometers. Facts show that this technology line in two key links have suffered a great setback.
2. Tesla model as the representative of the technical route, also known as the electric vehicle version 2.0 or second generation electric vehicles. The technical route is characterized by:
? in the mileage and vehicle cost options, more inclined to choose a higher mileage, and sacrifice the lower vehicle costs. 400km above the mileage is basically lifted the user's mileage anxiety, but the price of the vehicle has doubled, so that the product has become a "rich toys." Even so, can also cultivate a certain size of the "niche market."
? to make the vehicle has enough mileage, you must load more capacity of the battery, the battery capacity and even up to 4 times the wind, you can dilute the discharge current of the single cell, 3C discharge is enough, so there is no It is necessary to use high-rate battery, but to match the high-energy battery - this is an important feature of the electric vehicle version 2.0.
? Because the battery load is large (90Kwh), 10 minutes fast charge (6C) is technically more difficult. To charge 90kwh battery vehicles for 10 minutes fast charge, not only the battery will suffer irreversible damage, and the charger power must reach 500kw or more, a charger need to match a 630kva independent transformer, if installed in a parking lot 10 A fast charging device, even the power grid can not afford. Therefore, 10 minutes fast charge is not suitable for 2.0 electric vehicles, Tesla and the vehicle to match the power supply is slow to charge the main way to fill the name of the fast charge as the secondary charging method.
? Tesla model due to life mileage increased to 400km or more, even if the summer air conditioning, winter heating wind can still be about 300km, basically to meet the psychological needs of owners. Longer life can also produce more important results: Suppose Tesla model and Nissan hear the wind used by the same cycle of the battery cycle, are 1000 cycles, and the battery mileage is the cycle of life and mileage of the product, the former The battery mileage is 400,000 km, 16,000 km higher than the latter greatly improved.
And in fact because the Nissan hear the wind battery load equivalent to Tesla model of 3 times, resulting in its battery life cycle than the model 25% lower, the mileage life can only reach 120,000 km, the result is Tesla technology system battery life mileage to more than three times the Nissan Leaf - although in the early owners to pay higher prices to buy a car units, to post it eliminates the cost of replacing the battery, from that point, the second generation of electric cars than The first generation of electric vehicles has a long-term vision.
The above is the complete technical system of the Tesla model (version 2.0 of the electric car). China's BYD is in the Nissan hear the wind, Tesla model has not yet come out, it is different from the Nissan hear the wind, and Tesla similar to the technology, the difference is the use of magnification-type lithium iron battery, Updated for the energy-type ternary battery, and Tesla technology is basically the same. While China's other car prices, imitation Nissan hear the N years later, until nearly 2 years, only to abandon the wind technology and Tesla technology system closer.
However, the Tesla model (electric car 2.0) still has many fatal flaws:
(1) the long life of the vehicle and low prices can not have both, expensive price so that it can not enter the civilian car market, although Tesla to develop $ 35,000 price A-class car, but is bound to sacrifice more than 400km The original advantage.
(2) to load 60-100kwh battery to maintain high battery life, you must use high-energy battery, single cell energy density should be greater than 200wh / kg, or even more than 300wh / kg. But with the battery energy density increases, the work of the temperature rise will be more intense, with the deterioration of security. Therefore, the battery must be temperature management, and even cooling method to make it cool. The result but increased the weight of the battery box, an increase of vehicle costs and electricity load, reduce electricity efficiency, security is still a major risk.
(3) by the charging pile to provide power supply, its efficiency is very low. A city with 2 million motor vehicles, the construction of 100,000 charge piles for a small number of vehicles, is to meet the demand. But if the number of electric vehicles rose to 50% of motor vehicle ownership, to 1 million electric vehicles to provide charging piles and charging spaces, there is no possibility. Especially for the operating vehicle, the long charging time will squeeze its attendance time, which is a taxi and network car owners are unacceptable. And the operating intensity of the operating vehicle and exhaust emissions is 5-10 times the private car, if not for the operation of vehicles to provide efficient power supply, it means that such a technical system is not perfect.
(4) for private cars, 300,000 km battery mileage has been basically satisfactory, but for the operation of vehicles, single-class attendance of the taxi driving about 300 km per day, two classes attendance of the taxi every day Driving about 500 km, driving 10-16 million km, according to 2.0 electric vehicle battery mileage calculation, 2-3 years the battery reached 30 million kilometers of life limit, it can not be used normally, in the 8-year vehicle use Period, the need to replace the 2-3 battery pack, which is any one taxi owners are not willing to bear. Therefore, Tesla technology system can not meet the requirements of the taxi industry , and this industry is the test of electric cars "touchstone."
BYD in hesitated years later, finally built a electric taxi in Taiyuan, a comprehensive alternative to fuel taxi model project, but after less than a year of testing, has exposed a lot of problems, the price of expensive vehicles forced the government to higher than the fuel truck Part of the price to pay, and attendance is a big discount can not overcome the major shortcomings, with the continuation of the test, the battery life problems gradually exposed, and ultimately will lead to this model project can not be copied in other cities to promote.
In summary, both the 1.0 version (Nissan hear the wind) or 2.0 version (Tesla) electric vehicles are not the best alternative to fuel vehicles, electric vehicles.
The third generation of electric vehicle technology system
The third generation of electric vehicles is the crystallization of China's original technology, it is by the Tsinghua University Economic Research Center Professor Cai Jiming led by the electric car R & D team, led by Han Jianfang invited senior researcher, after seven years of tackling tough, hard research and development technology Results. The results in two electric car prototype has been fully reflected, these two electric vehicles are based on the Kay wing C3 platform development conditions maintenance 340 (single battery capacity of 2.2ah), 390km (single battery capacity (Single battery capacity of 2.2ah), 508km (single battery capacity of 2.6ah), 625km (single) for the power supply model of the electric three-seater sedan, and based on the Kay wing V3 platform development conditions 4304 Battery capacity of 3.2ah) rechargeable dual-mode electric 7-seat SUV. These two electric vehicles in the key technical indicators have been significantly beyond the Nissan hear the wind and Tesla model. In all 18 comparable key technical indicators, the third generation of electric vehicles Huaju sedan EV and torch SUV pure electric vehicles get 16 optimal, only the highest speed and 0-100 km acceleration time than Nissan hear the wind Slightly worse, Bittra model indicators behind a lot, but Tesla model is a luxury car, the price higher than 3 times the pursuit of the feeling of the sports car, and this pursuit does not meet the electric car's energy saving, environmental protection concept The In this sense, the third generation of electric vehicles have the absolute superiority of unparalleled position. Therefore, only the third generation of electric vehicles to break the restrictions on the full popularity of electric vehicles, "the four major problems", its products will be strong in the future market competition to win.
The Technical Strategy and Effect of the Third Generation Electric Vehicle Technology System
3.0 version of the reason why the technical specifications of electric vehicles far more than 1.0, 2.0 version of the electric car, because its technical strategy and 1.0,2.0 electric car is completely different, resulting in a huge difference in technical indicators. What is the technical strategy of 3.0 electric car?
(1) 1.0,2.0 electric vehicle technology is the electric car is defined as the electric version of the fuel car, in addition to the power system is not the same, the other should be exactly the same. Therefore, the vehicle characteristics as the starting point to plan and match the design of the battery and the three electrical systems. The 3.0 technology that electric vehicles should be the characteristics of power batteries as the starting point, to maximize the battery characteristics, in accordance with the characteristics of the battery to design and design of the vehicle and the three systems.
(2) the battery only in the small current discharge, low temperature rise in order to achieve maximum life and safety, and these two points, is the key to life and death of electric vehicles. Therefore, EV technology should be a small battery discharge, low temperature rise for the premise of planning three electrical systems, the key indicators is the ratio - is the battery storage capacity and power assembly rated output power (including the three electrical systems Cooling of the auxiliary energy consumption) ratio.
Take the Nissan hear the wind and model, for example, the battery capacity of 24kwh, 90kwh, respectively, the rated output power of the motor were 40kw, 120kw, auxiliary energy consumption were 2.5kw, 6kw, the ratio calculation is 0.56: 1 and 0.71: 1 , Which determines the wind can only use the bulky magnification type battery, and mileage and battery life is very short; and modeld battery strength compared to hear the wind has been significantly reduced, the battery life will be relatively longer. However, according to the battery characteristics, only when the capacity ratio is greater than 2: 1, the battery safety and service life is possible to achieve maximum. So, 1.0 and 2.0 electric cars do not meet the requirements.
(3) the ratio of capacity is the ratio of battery capacity and motor rated power, there is two ways to improve the mobility ratio, one is to increase the capacity as the denominator of the battery, the second is to reduce the motor power as a molecule. Increase the battery capacity must meet the battery box weight does not exceed 25% of the weight of the vehicle reasonable limit, you can improve the battery and battery box energy density method to solve. Reduce the motor power, should be the highest vehicle speed of not less than 130 km, 0-100 km acceleration time is not greater than 15 seconds for the premise (equivalent to 1.5L engine passenger car power performance). Can be developed to achieve the vehicle technical performance indicators and power consumption and power is very small motor, is to obtain high-performance than the key indicators.
(4) 1.0,2.0 electric car is the fuel car "heat engine" concept grafted to the electric car, that the motor, electronic control, the battery in the work of the temperature rise and heat are like fuel engines as a matter of course, Three electrical system as a "heat machine" to deal with, need to be forced cooling. The 3.0 technology is concerned about the 1.0,2.0 electric car to ignore the direction of the potential of the three electrical system, as long as the three electrical system reasonable match, optimize the design, it can be transformed into a "cold" power system, The battery, motor and electronic control to force the cooling, can save the weight of the forced cooling device with an additional battery replacement, without increasing the weight and cost of the case to significantly extend the mileage and battery mileage, and ultimately To achieve high mileage and battery life warranty.
(5) To make the motor, electronic control, the battery becomes a "cold machine", you can use the following technical approach: Narrow speed motor and its transmission combination, than Nissan hear the wind, Tesla motor more efficient. In the motor parameter design, if the motor using single-speed ratio mode, in order to let the vehicle rush to 200 km or more, the motor speed can only use wide design, such as 0-15000 turn, we must take into account the low speed zone and high Speed ??area of ??the characteristics of indicators, it is difficult to achieve the highest high efficiency.
While the motor to match the multi-file transmission, only 0-4500 rpm narrow range of speeds, you can achieve a maximum speed of 140 km, but also get 97.5% of the highest efficiency, and 400-4400 rpm 94.13% of the arithmetic mean Efficiency, are significantly more than Nissan hear the wind and Tesla motor. In particular, the single-speed ratio of the vehicle at a speed of less than 20 km and more than 80 km interval, the motor work in the inefficient area, thereby reducing the weighted average efficiency of the motor, in the integrated conditions, the weighted average efficiency of only 75 %about. The 3.0 version of the drive system using multi-file transmission, the motor work in the efficient area (efficiency of more than 80%) and ultra-efficient area (efficiency of more than 95%) the probability of a substantial increase, so that the weighted average efficiency of 92% Speed ??drive system about 17% higher.
Due to the high efficiency, the temperature rise in the energy conversion process is very low, the entire power system becomes a "cooler" that does not require forced heat dissipation, even if the multi-speed transmission is 5% more energy than the single speed ratio reducer, Efficiency still has a huge advantage of 12%.
(6) Since the 3.0 version of the motor is usually working in efficient and ultra-efficient area, without the mandatory cooling of the motor and the controller, only natural air cooling can solve the heat problem. Therefore, this technology to fill more than 50kw drive motor using natural air-cooled global blank, not only reduces the cost of powertrain, but also saves the pump, fan auxiliary energy consumption, the power system of integrated efficiency than the first, Second-generation electric vehicles increased by 20% or more. This means that, in the case of the same battery load, 3.0 version of the electric car than the 1.0 version, 2.0 version of the electric car mileage longer than 20%
(7) As the 3.0 version of the electric car with a motor and transmission match, it greatly reduces the normal driving vehicle driving the required motor power, rated 20kw motor can achieve single-speed motor than the rated power of 40kw the same technical indicators, so that Battery load decreased significantly. In addition, R & D and 3.0 version of the electric vehicle to match the high security, low temperature rise power battery technology is no bottleneck, electric battery 1C continuous discharge temperature rise is only 2.5 ? has been successfully developed in the battery load is greater than 40kwh case , Not only can get the conditions of life mileage of more than 340 km of excellent indicators.
And the battery limit discharge intensity is only 1C! This technology makes the electric car close to the "cold" a new height, there is no need to include the battery three power system for forced cooling, significantly reducing the weight of the battery box, the battery system energy density of 160wh / kg or more, greatly More than the upper limit of 120wh / kg of the four ministries on the 2017-2018 subsidy standard. Not only that, but also reduces the cost of the battery pack, further saving power consumption. So that the most important technical indicators of electric vehicles - tons of 100 km (operating conditions) power consumption is only 7.8kwh, 20% lower than the wind and model; 100 kg battery life to reach a record 200 tons km, And model more than 80%
(8) 3.0 electric vehicle technology in the energy supply on the use of ultra-efficient automatic small rechargeable power plant technology, replace the battery only need 1.5 minutes, charges, electricity at one go, more convenient than refueling. And this supporting facilities only need to occupy 400 square meters, only need to invest 3 million yuan, can be 200 taxis or 1,000 private car to provide services, not only investment efficiency, efficiency is much higher than the charging pile, and can be built Under the overpass, green belt and wide roadside, you can also build a residential area of ??100 square meters of convenient recharge station for the owners to provide, including battery leasing, charging, battery maintenance and other convenient and inexpensive services. This technology will bring revolutionary results:
? compatible bare car sales, battery rental, so that the ultimate electric car in the price and fuel cars flat, after the era of subsidies for electric vehicles, the mainstream marketing.
? compatible battery maintenance, can provide users with life-long warranty service, so that users completely lifted the battery life to worry about.
? compatible with the secondary battery utilization and battery recycling, can be less than the initial capacity of 85% of the battery flow to low-speed electric vehicles, energy storage and other purposes, until the waste batteries focus on dismantling, classification recycling.
? charge in the power station by the professionals, professional equipment on the battery monitoring of the charge, the maximum guarantee of battery safety, completely eliminate the electric car in the charging process of the burning accident.
? by charging the power station to focus on the battery charge, you can make full use of the evening 23:00 to 6 o'clock in the trough time to charge a substantial reduction in charging costs, not only benefit the owners, but also for the recharge station to bring reasonable income The
Therefore, the electric vehicle 3.0 technology is not one or two aspects of the individual technology, but a can be the world's most successful Nissan hear the wind and Tesla far beyond the subversive innovation of the complete technical system, the technical system of the sample The car has gone through hundreds of thousands of kilometers of durability, reliability road test, the performance of the excellent performance indicators have shown everything. As soon as possible to 3.0 technology electric vehicle testing, identification, application bulletin directory, to create a model project to achieve mass production, will be a revolutionary event in the field of electric vehicles, but also for the cooperative car prices, investors brought one stroke to the world Electric car technology peak of the heaven-sent opportunity!
At present, the electric vehicle 3.0 technology has been in the prototype of the test data have been verified in the battery energy density below 250wh / KG under the premise of the use of 3.0 technology has been developed conditions exhausted 600 ~ 700Km, the maximum battery 800 ~ 900km Of the electric passenger car, which is 3.0 vehicle integration technology to bring the results. But the production also in the vehicle after the announcement, about the second half of this year can be listed on the sale. Therefore, the electric vehicle 3.0 technology system is the key to unlock the chain, although it is still "diving", but from the full stage of the market stage has been far away.
Hanjianfang_ copy .jpg
Author Han Jianfang Department of Henan Province Government Electric Vehicle Leading Group Committee of Experts Committee, Zhong Ji Ming foreign electric car company CTO
This article by the EV century network contributors write, they are responsible for the authenticity and neutrality of this article, the views of only representatives of individuals, does not mean EV century. Thanks to the author's feed, also welcome more attention to electric car experts, scholars, owners and other contributions to the submission, submission email: yangshiming@21cnev.com.
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