Accurate control over the angular distribution of the emission can be achieved using metallic nanostructures, which are directly fabricated, with predetermined geometries and dimensions, on the emissive semiconductor surface80, 128, 129, 130. Aperiodic designs may also be used to avoid undesirable angular and/or spectral dependencies131. Unidirectional beaming of the LED emission has been recently demonstrated using a periodic array of optical antennas with specifically designed geometries126. Figure 4b shows the far-field radiation pattern of such a nanostructured blue LED.
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